Table 1 Five Categories of Theoretical Approaches to Knowledge Translation

Process models

Specify steps in the process of translating research into practice

Ottawa model on research use [28]-six key elements: evidence-based innovation; potential adopters; the practice environment; implementation of interventions; adoption of the innovation; and outcomes resulting from implementation of the innovation. Each element is assessed, monitored and evaluated before, during and after the decision is made to implement an innovation

Determinant frameworks

Classes or domains of determinants that are hypothesized or have been found to influence implementation outcomes

Promoting action on research implementation in health services (PARiHS) [38]-three determinants are evaluated context, evidence and facilitation from low to high to determine how they can impact change

Classic theories

Describe how change occurs without ambitions to actually carry out the change

Rogers’ diffusion of innovation theory [9]-theory that explains how a change occurs

Implementation theories

Developed and adapted by researchers for potential use in implementation science to achieve enhanced understanding and explanation of certain aspects of implementation

COM-B – capability, opportunity and motivation framework [16]-these 3 factors explain whether a behavior change will occur

Evaluation frameworks

Provide a structure for evaluating implementation endeavors

RE-AIM [39]-reach, efficacy, adoption, implementation and maintenance are factors to evaluate the extent to which implementation has occurred