Table 6 Results of applying the typology to P4P schemes identified from the review by Eijkenaar et al. [59]
P4P schemes | Who receives the incentive | Type of incentive | Size of incentive | Time lag | Performance measured | Domain measured | Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Advancing quality (AQ) UK | Groups | Bonuses | Small | Short: 2/3Â months lag | Relative | Mostly within Physicians control (2 final outcomes and 26 processes) | High |
Clalit Israel | Groups | Bonuses | Dependent on budget savings | Long: Annually | Absolute | Mostly within Physicians control (10 processes and 8 intermediate outcomes) | Low |
Clinical Practice Improvement Pay (CPIP) Australia, Queensland | Groups | Bonuses | Large | Short: 3Â month lag | Absolute | Within physicians control (12 structures and 7 processes) | Low |
ERGOV Germany | Groups | Fines | Depend on other hospitals | Short: 4Â month lag | Relative | Not completely within the physicians control (Final outcome) | High |
MACCABI Israel | Groups | Bonuses | Size not reported | Long: Annually | Absolute | Mostly within Physicians control (12 processes and 5 intermediate outcomes) | Low |
National Health Insurance P4P (NHI-P4P) Taiwan | Groups | Bonuses | Large | Short: Monthly | Relative | 12 structures, 3 final outcomes, and 2 intermediate outcomes | High |
Primary care P4P (PC-P4P) Netherlands Primary Care | Groups | Bonuses | Large | Long: Annually | Relative | Within physicians control (31 processes) | High |
Renewal Models (PCRM) Canada Ontario | Groups | Bonuses | Small | Long: Annually | Absolute | Within physicians control (12 processes) | Low |
Physician Integrated Network (PIN) Canada Manitoba | Groups | Bonuses | Maximum payment unknown | Short: Immediately after performance measure | Absolute | Within physicians control (only processes) | Low |
Practice Incentive Program (PIP) Australia | Groups | Bonuses | Size not reported relative to income | Short: Semi-annually and annually | Absolute | Within physicians control (only structures and processes) | Low |
Performance management Program (PMP) New Zealand | Groups | Bonuses | Small | Long: Semi-annually and annually | Absolute | Within physicians control (8 processes) | Low |
Program of quality Improvement (PQI) Argentina | Groups | Bonuses | Large | Long: Annually | Absolute | Mostly within physicians control (16 processes, 7 structures and 3 outcomes) | Low |
Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF) UK | Groups | Bonuses | Large | Long: Annually | Absolute | Mostly within physicians control (85% processes) | Low |