Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the matched cohort patients with type 2 diabetes

Diagnosed DM Age (years)

< 0.0001

Gender (Female)

977

(45.3)

3222

(45.0)

–

Enrollment year

–

 2002

462

(21.4)

1402

(19.6)

 2003

477

(22.1)

1526

(22.1)

 2004

441

(20.4)

1495

(20.9)

 2005

404

(18.7)

1397

(19.5)

 2006

373

(17.3)

1334

(18.6)

 Admission for CHF

243

(11.3)

795

(11.1)

0.8644

 Admission for Stroke

53

(2.5)

286

(4.0)

0.001

 Chronic kidney disease

146

(6.8)

439

(6.8)

0.2853

 DM neuropathy

278

(12.9)

485

(6.8)

< 0.0001

 DM nephropathy

232

(10.7)

369

(5.1)

< 0.0001

 Liver disease

597

(27.7)

1474

(20.6)

< 0.0001

 Hypertension

1318

(61.1)

4096

(57.2)

0.0002

CIC score

0.2760

 Mean (range)

0.20

(0–5)

0.18

(0–8)

  0

1897

(87.9)

6397

(89.4)

  1

139

(6.4)

412

(5.7)

  2

76

(3.5)

222

(3.1)

   > 2

45

(2.1)

123

(1.7)

DCSI score

< 0.0001

 Mean (Range)

0.79

(0–10)

0.65

(0–11)

  0

1215

(56.3)

4737

(66.2)

  1

524

(24.3)

1184

(16.5)

  2

226

(10.5)

692

(9.7)

  > 2

192

(8.9)

541

(7.6)

 ACEI/ARB

914

(42.4)

2385

(33.3)

< 0.0001

 Anti-coagulant agents

20

(0.93)

81

(1.1)

0.3978

 Alpha-antagonists

83

(3.8)

240

(3.3)

0.2478

 Beta-blocking agents

502

(23.3)

1681

(23.5)

0.9560

  CCB

661

(30.6)

2098

(29.3)

0.1348

  Diuretics

381

(17.6)

981

(13.7)

< 0.0001

  Digoxin

32

(1.5)

97

(1.4)

0.5967

  Insulin

247

(11.5)

210

(2.9)

< 0.0001

  Lipid lowering agents

923

(42.8)

1903

(26.6)

< 0.0001

  Metformin

1719

(79.7)

3422

(47.8)

< 0.0001

  Sulfonylurea

1591

(73.7)

3683

(51.5)

< 0.0001

  Systemic corticosteroids

348

(16.1)

1057

(14.8)

0.1541