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Table 4 Characteristics associated with diabetes-related hospitalizations in patients with type 1 diabetes (Negative binomial regression with cluster robust standard errors n = 184)

From: Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of type 1 diabetes patients associated with emergency room visits and hospitalizations in Mexico

 

Un-adjusted PR

[95% CI], p

Adjusted PR

[95% CI], p

General characteristics

 Male

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

 Female

0.71

[0.32, 1.46], 0.349

0.77

[0.55, 1.45], 0.456

 Age at the beginning of diabetes (years)

1.04

[0.97, 1.11], 0.245

1.05

[1.04, 1.05], 0.000

 Schooling

  Secondary school or less

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

  High school or technical or commercial career

0.73

[0.72, 0.74], 0.000

1.64

[0.69, 3.87], 0.264

  University degree or higher

0.53

[0.22, 1.30], 0.168

1.78

[0.45, 7.13], 0.412

 Active smoking

  No

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

  Yes

1.24

[0.75, 2.03], 0.402

2.74

[2.58, 2.91], 0.000

 Regular light to moderate alcohol consumption

  No

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

  Yes

0.30

[0.23, 0.42], 0.000

0.31

[0.305, 0.32], 0.000

Clinical characteristics

 Diabetes duration > 10 years

0.30

[0.06, 1.46], 0.136

0.23

[0.07, 1.27], 0.100

 HbA1c ≤ 7%

Ref

 

Ref

 

 HbA1c 7.1–9%

0.47

[0.42, 0.52], 0.000

1.22

[0.84, 1.78], 0.289

 HbA1c > 9.0%

0.78

[0.51, 1.19], 0.250

0.46

[0.22, 0.95], 0.036

 Diabetes duration > 10 years##

3.48

[1.01, 12.07], 0.049

1.19

[0.43, 3.31], 0.742

 HbA1c 7.1–9%

 Diabetes duration > 10 years##

1.14

[0.64, 2.02], 0.651

1.64

[1.26, 2.13], 0.000

 HbA1c > 9.0%

 Severe acute diabetic complications

  No

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

  Yes

3.34

[2.22, 5.02], 0.000

3.57

[2.05, 6.22], 0.000

 Microvascular chronic complications

  No

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

  Yes

4.01

[3.59, 4.49], 0.000

7.04

[3.72, 13.32], 0.000

 Macrovascular chronic complications

  No

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

  Yes

1.81

[0.44, 7.38], 0.406

2.32

[1.02, 5.25], 0.044

 Depression

  No

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

  Yes

2.50

[0.81, 7.72], 0.110

0.85

[0.03, 20.79], 0.922

 Other comorbidities

  No

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

  Yes

1.68

[1.54, 1.84], 0.000

1.91

[1.09, 3.35], 0.024

 Nutritional status

  Underweight, or normal weight (BMI < 24.9)

Ref

 

Ref

 

   Overweight (BMI 25.0–29.9 kg/m2)

0.47

[0.16, 1.37], 0.167

0.32

[0.19, 0.52], 0.000

   Obesity (BMI of 30 or higher kg/m2)

0.27

[0.02, 3.47], 0.317

0.14

[0.02, 1.04], 0.055

 Insulin therapy

  Insulin monotherapy

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

  Combination of intermediate and fast acting insulins

0.49

[0.21, 1.16], 0.106

0.64

[0.51, 0.81], 0.000

  Combination of fast-acting and long-acting insulins

0.53

[0.24, 1.19], 0.125

0.52

[0.37, 0.72], 0.000

 Number of consultations with endocrinologist

1.09

[0.97, 1.23], 0.150

0.99

[0.79, 1.25], 0.978

  1. PR prevalence ratios, CI confidence interval. The bold values highlight the statistically significant PR