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Table 3 Characteristics associated with the use of the emergency room in patients with type 1 diabetes (Poisson regression with cluster robust standard errors n = 184)

From: Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of type 1 diabetes patients associated with emergency room visits and hospitalizations in Mexico

 

Un-adjusted PR

[95% CI], p

Adjusted PR

[95% CI], p

General characteristics

 Male

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

 Female

1.39

[1.36, 1.41], 0.000

1.52

[1.51, 1.53], 0.000

 Age at the beginning of diabetes (years)

1.01

[0.99, 1.03], 0.302

1.01

[1.01, 1.02], 0.000

 Schooling

  Secondary school or less

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

  High school or technical or commercial career

0.95

[0.65, 1.39], 0.781

1.69

[1.41, 2.02], 0.000

  University degree or higher

0.81

[0.65, 1.00], 0.050

2.18

[1.38, 3.44], 0.001

 Active smoking

  No

Ref

 

Ref.

 

  Yes

1.20

[0.70, 2.06], 0.504

1.28

[0.72, 2.30], 0.402

 Regular light to moderate alcohol consumption

  No

Ref

 

Ref

 

  Yes

0.56

[0.44, 0.72], 0.000

0.68

[0.61, 0.75], 0.000

Clinical characteristics

 Diabetes duration, years

0.99

[0.96, 1.04], 0.869

0.98

[0.96, 1.01], 0.118

 HbA1C (%)

0.98

[0.89, 1.08], 0.717

0.95

[0.86, 1.04], 0.258

 Severe acute diabetic complications

  No

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

  Yes

4.05

[2.00, 8.20], 0.000

7.54

[4.07, 13.98], 0.000

 Severe acute diabetic complications## HbA1C

0.99

[0.87, 1.13], 0.927

0.93

[0.90, 0.95], 0.000

 Microvascular chronic complications

  No

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

  Yes

1.89

[1.19, 3.01], 0.007

2.01

[1.99, 2.02], 0.000

 Macrovascular chronic complications

  No

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

  Yes

1.60

[0.81, 3.16], 0.174

1.18

[1.13, 1.24], 0.000

 Depression

  No

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

  Yes

2.21

[0.84, 5.83], 0.107

1.72

[1.00, 2.94], 0.049

 Other comorbidities

  No

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

  Yes

1.43

[1.33, 1.54], 0.000

1.27

[1.26, 1.29], 0.000

 Body mass index (kg/m2)

0.94

[0.92, 0.96], 0.000

0.95

[0.92, 0.99], 0.013

 Insulin therapy

  Insulin monotherapy

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

  Combination of intermediate and fast acting insulin

0.76

[0.74, 0.77], 0.000

0.89

[0.81, 0.97], 0.008

  Combination of fast-acting and long-acting insulin

0.85

[0.50, 1.43], 0.536

1.05

[0.63, 1.75], 0.857

 Number of consultations with endocrinologist

1.13

[1.06, 1.20], 0.000

1.09

[1.06, 1.11], 0.000

  1. PR prevalence ratios, CI confidence interval. The bold values highlight the statistically significant PR