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Table 3 The results of the logistic regression analysis for discrimination from different sources (presenting odds ratios [ORs] and their 95% confidence intervals [95% CIs])

From: Foreign-born physicians’ perceptions of discrimination and stress in Finland: a cross-sectional questionnaire study

 

Discrimination from managementa

Discrimination from colleaguesa

Discrimination from patientsa

 

OR

(95% CI)

p

OR

(95% CI)

p

OR

(95% CI)

p

Gender

  

0.064

  

0.323

  

0.198

 Men

1

  

1

  

1

  

 Women

1.99

0.96–4.10

 

1.33

0.76–2.34

 

0.72

0.44–1.19

 

Age

0.96

0.67–1.38

0.836

0.90

0.67–1.21

0.505

0.79

0.61–1.03

0.077

Employment sector

  

0.352

  

0.433

  

0.675

 Municipal (primary care)

1

  

1

  

1

  

 State (hospitals)

0.89

0.30–2.65

 

1.62

0.68–3.90

 

0.71

0.32–1.57

 

 Private

0.45

0.15–1.33

 

1.41

0.65–3.06

 

1.06

0.54–2.11

 

Country of birth

  

0.025

  

0.003

  

< 0.001

 Estonia

1

  

1

  

1

  

 Russiab

1.85

0.77-4.46

 

2.32

1.13–4.73

 

3.53

1.94–6.43

 

 Other EU/EEA country

3.00

1.20–7.46

 

3.57

1.66–7.69

 

3.12

1.56–6.26

 

 Other country

4.59

1.58–13.34

 

3.68

1.55–8.74

 

4.58

2.05–10.23

 

Years from getting a practicing licence

1.59

1.16–2.17

0.004

1.11

0.84–1.47

0.467

1.32

1.01–1.73

0.044

Language problems

  

0.698

  

0.153

  

0.462

 No

1

        

 Yes

1.07

0.76–1.50

 

1.21

0.93–1.58

 

1.10

0.86–1.40

 

Cross-cultural training

  

0.031

  

0.086

  

0.941

 No

1

  

1

  

1

  

 Yes

2.61

1.09–6.24

 

1.88

0.92–3.86

 

1.02

0.53–1.96

 

Cross-cultural empathy

0.71

0.52–0.97

0.032

1.02

0.78–1.33

0.889

1.04

0.82–1.30

0.764

Team climate

0.44

0.31–0.61

< 0.001

0.57

0.43–0.76

< 0.001

0.69

0.53–0.91

0.008

Skill discretion

0.67

0.48–0.91

0.012

0.63

0.47–0.85

0.002

0.88

0.67–1.17

0.378

R2

0.31

  

0.24

  

0.16

  
  1. Continuous variables were used as continuous standardized variables and the model ORs presented indicate the likelihood of passing from no discrimination to discrimination, compared to one standard deviation change in continuous independent variables
  2. OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval
  3. aDiscrimination variables were dichotomized (as 0 = hardly ever and 1 = others) for these analyses
  4. bRussian Federation / the former Soviet Union