Foreign-born physicians’ perceptions of discrimination and stress in Finland: a cross-sectional questionnaire study

Table 1 The characteristics of the study sample

	n	%
Gender
Women	240	65.2
Men	128	34.8
Sector
Municipal (primary care)	280	76.5
State (hospitals)	34	9.3
Private	52	14.2
Country of birth
Estonia	142	38.3
Russian Federation / the former Soviet Union	111	29.8
Other EU/EEA country	64	17.3
Other country	54	14.6
Discrimination from superiors
Hardly ever	302	82.5
Not often	26	7.1
Sometimes	24	6.6
Fairly often	11	3.0
Very often or continuously	3	0.8
Discrimination from colleagues
Hardly ever	263	72.1
Not often	58	15.9
Sometimes	30	8.2
Fairly often	10	2.7
Very often or continuously	4	1.1
Discrimination from patients
Hardly ever	161	44.1
Not often	104	28.5
Sometimes	79	21.7
Fairly often	18	4.9
Very often or continuously	3	0.8
Cross-cultural training
No	310	84.2
Yes, as part of my studies to become a physician	21	5.7
Yes, after graduating as a physician	31	8.5
Yes, as part of development work or a project	6	1.6
	Mean	SD
Age	39.1	9.13
Years from getting a practicing license in Finland	5.2	3.11
Patient-related stress^a	2.41	0.81
Integration-related stress^a	1.67	0.73
Language problems^a	2.03	1.20
Cross-cultural empathy^a	3.75	0.88
Team climate^a	4.16	0.83
Skill discretion^a	4.60	0.53

ISSN: 1472-6963