Table 1 Included Study Characteristics

Agurs-Collins et al., 1997 [29]

66

100

77

62

RCT

12 weekly group sessions (60 mins nutrition, 30 mins exercise) and 1 individual diet counseling session over first 3 months; 6 bi-weekly sessions over next 3 months.

Providers: Registered dietician and exercise physiologist

1 class within 3 weeks of enrollment (glycemic control); 2 nutritional mailings at 3 and 6 months

15%

Yes

HbA1c: 3×’s: screening/randomization, 3 month visit, 6 month visit; QOL: N/A

Amoako et al., 2008 [42]

68

100

100

61

RCT

4 weeks of phone interventions (1 x per week, from 10 to 60 min) that included 4 phases: Warm-up, assessment of problems, uncertainty appraisal, discussion of strategies to manage uncertainty.

Provider: nurse practitioner

Usual care -regular primary care and specialist visits; support group meetings; diabetes management classes

7.35%

No

HbA1c: No specific measurements mentioned, QOL: 2×’s: baseline, 6 weeks post baseline; (Tools: Michel Uncertainty in Illness Scale; Problem Areas in Diabetes Survey).

Anderson et al., 2005 [30]

239

100

82

61

RCT

6 weekly 2 h group sessions; then option for monthly support group, or receive a monthly phone call.

Provider: diabetes educator

Wait-listed usual care, no description given.

6.41%

Yes

HbA1c: 4×’s:screening, after 6 week intervention and 6 week control period, 6 months post treatment, 1 year post treatment;QOL: 2×’s: baseline, 6 weeks; (Tool: Diabetes Empowerment Scale Short-Form (DESSF)).

Anderson-Loftin et al., 2005 [31]

97

100

76.5

49

RCT

4 weekly classes in low fat dietary strategies; 5 monthly peer-group discussions, and weekly phone follow up.

Provider: diabetes educator

Referral to a local 8 h traditional diabetes class

34.02%

Yes

HbA1c: 2×’s: baseline, 6 months post treatment; QOL: N/A

Bray et al., 2013 [32]

727

100

64.5

60

RCT

Each patient seen 4 times over a 12 month period by the nurse, pharmacist, or dietician care manager for 30 to 60 min; follow-up with case manager every 3 to 6 mos for 2 ys.

Providers: nurse, pharmacist and diabetes educator

One 15 min office visit to a physician, nurse practitioner, or physician assistant for labs; frequent diabetes educational handouts received.

7.02%

Yes

HbA1c: 3×’s: baseline, 18 months, 36 months, QOL: N/A

Carter et al., 2011 [33]

47

100

63.8

51

RCT

Telehealth nurse visits: bi-weekly, 30 min video conferencing; DSME modules with social networking to share coping strategies, ask questions.

Provider: nurse educator

Usual care from providers

63%

No

HbA1c: 2×’s: baseline, conclusion of 9 month study

QOL: 2×’s: baseline, conclusion of 9 month study;(Tool: not specified)

Gaillard et al., 2015 [34]

96

100

70

60

RCT

Didactic lectures at 1–2 week intervals for 6 months; individual one-on-one counseling; trained community health worker support via weekly phone calls and community resources; quarterly point of care physiological testing.

Providers: Diabetes educators, registered dietitian, diabetologists,and community health worker

Usual care -anthropometric and metabolic measurements at quarterly intervals

21%

Yes

HbA1c: 3×’s: baseline, 3 months, 6 months

QOL: 2×’s: baseline, 6 months; (Tools: Questionnaire diabetic quality of life, 12-Item Short Form Survey (SF-12), diabetes attitude).

Gary et al., 2004 [35]

186

100

76

59

RCT

4 arms: A) usual care; B) usual care + nurse case manager (45 min face-to-face or phone); C) usual care + community health worker (45–60 min face-to-face or phone); D) usual care + nurse case manager + community health worker (3 visits with each educator per year).

Providers: nurse care manager, community health worker

Ongoing care from patient’s own health care provider, quarterly newsletter

16%

Yes

HbA1c: 2×’s: baseline; 2 yr. follow up

QOL: N/A

Keyserling et al., 2002 [36]

200

100

100

59

RCT

3 arms: (Group A) clinic and community-based center; (Group B) clinic only; (Group C) minimal intervention. Groups A and B received 4 monthly visits with a nutritionist at clinic. In addition, Group A received 3 group sessions at community based center and 12 monthly peer phone calls..

Providers: physical activity leader, peer counselor

Received mailed pamphlets

15%

Yes

HbA1c: 3×’s: baseline, 6 months, 12 months

QOL: 3×’s: baseline, 6 months, 12 months; (Tools: Mental Well-Being, Social Well-Being).

Peña-Purcell et al., 2015 [37]

103

100

79.5

63

QE

6 week group educational sessions.

Providers: Trained registered nurse, registered dietitian, or a certified diabetes educator

Original study design: Wait-listed control group; due to lack of participants in control group, pre/post design utilized with intervention group.

44%

Yes

HbA1c: 2×’s: baseline, 12 weeks (3 mos);

QOL: 2×’s: baseline, 5 weeks; (Tools: Psychological Distress Scale; Healthy Days Measure Scale).

Ruggiero et al., 2014 [38]

266

52.6

68.8

53

RCT

12 months medical assistant coaching for DSME; quarterly in-person contact at regular clinic visits, monthly follow-up phone calls.

Providers: medical assistants

Treatment as usual: regular visits with primary care, referrals for specialty care, basic DSME education, diabetes pamphlet

21.6%

Yes

HbA1c: 3×’s: baseline; 6 mos; 12 mos;

QOL: N/A

Samuel-Hodge et al., 2009 [39]

201

100

64%

59

RCT

Church-based DSME: 1 individual counseling visit;12 bi-weekly group sessions; 12 monthly phone contacts; 3 encouragement postcards.

Providers: peer counselor, dietician, other health care providers

Minimal care: direct mailings of 2 pamphlets, and 3 bimonthly newsletters to controls

13.7%

Yes

HbA1c: 3×’s: baseline, 8 mos, 12 mos;

QOL: N/A

Skelly et al., 2005 [40]

41

100

100

62

RCT

4 bi-weekly home visits lasting approximately 1 h; 4 Diabetes Symptom-Focused Management Intervention modules.

Provider: nurse

2 pre-intervention visits; 1 phone call; 1 final evaluation visit.

8.5%

Yes

HbA1c: 2×’s: baseline, within 1 month of treatment completion

QOL: 2×’s: baseline, final evaluation; (Tools: Diabetes Symptom Distress Scale (DSDS), Quality of Life in Diabetes Instrument).

Walker et al., 2010 [41]

195

100

80.35%

60

QE

Three 2-h DSME sessions with inclusion of healthy snacks.

Providers: diabetes educators

Usual care

Not specified

Yes

HbA1c: 2×’s: baseline, 5 months later

QOL: 2 - 3×’s; (Tools: Problem Areas in Diabetes Survey -baseline, after completion of 3 sessions, 5 months later).