Predictors of person-centered maternity care: the role of socioeconomic status, empowerment, and facility type

Afulani, Patience A.; Sayi, Takudzwa S.; Montagu, Dominic

doi:10.1186/s12913-018-3183-x

BMC Health Services Research

Table 1 Univariate and Bivariate Distribution of study variables

From: Predictors of person-centered maternity care: the role of socioeconomic status, empowerment, and facility type

	Univariate		Bivariate statistics: PCMC scores by predictors
	Univariate		Crosstabs		OLS regression
	No.	%	Mean	SD	Coeff.	CI
Total N	877	100.0	59.0	14.0
Age
15 to 19 years	162	18.5	57.1	14.5	0.0	[0	0]
20 to 29 years	511	58.3	59.4	14.0	2.3	[−0.17	4.78]
30 to 48 years	204	23.3	59.2	13.5	2.1	[−0.84	4.94]
Marital status
Single	140	16.0	56.4	14.6	0.0	[0	0]
Partnered/Cohabiting	3	0.3	55.3	13.3	−1.1	[−17.0	14.9]
Married	687	78.3	59.7	13.8	3.3*	[0.76	5.84]
Widowed	35	4.0	55.4	15.3	−1.0	[−6.14	4.22]
Divorced/Separated	12	1.4	58.1	14.0	1.7	[−6.55	9.94]
Number of births
1.0	290	33.1	58.6	14.9	0.0	[0	0]
2.0	185	21.1	60.1	14.1	1.6	[−1.02	4.15]
3.0	163	18.6	60.0	12.7	1.4	[−1.27	4.10]
4 or more	239	27.3	57.8	13.6	−0.8	[−3.18	1.62]
Education
No school/Primary	495	56.4	58.1	14.1	0.0	[0	0]
Post-primary/Vocational/Secondary	271	30.9	59.2	13.9	1.1	[−0.94	3.20]
College or above	111	12.7	62.1	13.2	4.0**	[1.12	6.87]
Literacy: writing
No, cannot write	31	3.5	53.5	14.7	0.0	[0	0]
Yes, with some difficulty	141	16.1	57.6	13.0	4.1	[−1.32	9.55]
Yes, very well	705	80.4	59.5	14.1	6.0*	[0.99	11.0]
Literacy: reading
No, cannot read	37	4.2	53.6	13.2	0.0	[0	0]
Yes, with some difficulty	129	14.7	57.9	13.1	4.3	[−0.79	9.44]
Yes, very well	711	81.1	59.4	14.2	5.8*	[1.17	10.4]
Employed
No	658	75.0	57.4	13.6	0.0	[0	0]
Yes	219	25.0	63.7	14.1	6.4***	[4.29	8.50]
Work or relation in health facility
No	819	93.4	58.8	14.0	0.0	[0	0]
Yes	58	6.6	61.3	14.3	2.5	[−1.19	6.28]
Wealth Quintile
Poorest	190	21.7	56.4	14.1	0.0	[0	0]
Poorer	190	21.7	57.8	13.5	1.4	[−1.44	4.16]
Middle	135	15.4	58.6	14.5	2.2	[−0.92	5.23]
Richer	172	19.6	61.7	13.4	5.3***	[2.42	8.17]
Richest	190	21.7	60.4	14.1	3.9**	[1.13	6.73]
Wealth Quintile
Poorest	380	43.3	57.1	13.8	0.0	[0	0]
Middle	135	15.4	58.6	14.5	1.5	[−1.26	4.21]
Richest	362	41.3	61.0	13.8	3.9***	[1.89	5.90]
Occupation
Agricultural labor	135	15.4	57.1	14.2	0.0	[0	0]
Casual labor	57	6.5	55.3	15.2	−1.9	[−6.17	2.46]
Salaried worker	92	10.5	61.5	12.4	4.4*	[0.71	8.10]
Self-employed in petty trade	166	18.9	61.3	13.5	4.2**	[1.05	7.39]
Self-employed small scale industry	25	2.9	61.5	13.0	4.4	[−1.55	10.4]
Unemployed/homemaker	391	44.6	58.4	14.2	1.2	[−1.49	3.97]
Other	11	1.3	58.4	12.2	1.3	[−7.32	9.81]
Partner’s occupation
Agricultural labor	173	19.7	58.9	14.3	0.0	[0	0]
Casual labor	152	17.4	56.8	12.4	−2.2	[−5.19	0.81]
Salaried worker	148	16.9	61.9	13.7	3.0	[−0.057	5.98]
Self-employed in petty trade	119	13.6	63.7	12.8	4.8**	[1.55	7.98]
Self-employed small scale industry	74	8.4	55.4	14.2	−3.6	[−7.30	0.20]
Unemployed/homemaker	20	2.3	64.8	12.4	5.8	[−0.56	12.2]
Other	3	0.3	52.7	20.1	−6.3	[−22.0	9.43]
No partner	187	21.3	56.3	14.6	−2.6	[−5.47	0.22]
Partner’s education
No school/Primary	308	35.9	58.9	13.8	0.0	[0	0]
Post-primary/Vocational/Secondary	225	26.2	59.1	13.8	0.1	[−2.24	2.53]
College or above	139	16.2	62.8	12.9	3.9**	[1.08	6.63]
No partner	187	21.8	56.3	14.6	−2.6*	[−5.11	−0.074]
Health Insurance
No	722	82.3	57.8	13.9	0.0	[0	0]
Yes	155	17.7	64.1	13.3	6.3***	[3.87	8.67]
Participation in household decisions
Low participation	440	50.2	58.3	14.7	0.0	[0	0]
High participation	437	49.8	59.6	13.2	1.3	[−0.61	3.10]
Attitude towards domestic violence
DM tolerant	395	45.0	58.4	13.1	0.0	[0	0]
DM Intolerant	482	55.0	59.4	14.7	1.0	[−0.86	2.87]
Experience domestic violence
No	429	48.9	61.5	14.3	0.0	[0	0]
Yes	448	51.1	56.5	13.2	−5.0***	[−6.84	−3.18]
Delivery facility type
Public hospital	404	46.1	57.2	13.9	0.0	[0	0]
Health Center	362	41.3	59.3	13.7	2.1*	[0.13	4.07]
Mission/Private facility	111	12.7	63.9	14.1	6.7***	[3.80	9.62]
Delivery provider
Nurse/Midwife	656	74.8	58.7	14.0	0.0	[0	0]
Doctor	83	9.5	61.9	14.7	3.2*	[0.051	6.43]
Clinical officer	54	6.2	54.9	11.6	−3.9	[−7.72	0.031]
Non-skilled attendant	21	2.4	62.4	12.9	3.7	[−2.39	9.75]
1plus skilled providers	63	7.2	60.0	14.2	1.3	[−2.28	4.95]
Delivery provider sex
Male	329	37.5	59.1	13.5	0.0	[0	0]
Female	514	58.6	58.4	14.1	−0.7	[−2.61	1.26]
Both	34	3.9	66.1	14.8	7.0**	[2.08	11.9]
Pregnancy complications
No	494	56.3	58.2	14.0	0.0	[0	0]
Yes	383	43.7	60.0	13.9	1.8	[−0.087	3.65]
Severe pregnancy complication
No	616	70.2	58.3	13.9	0.0	[0	0]
Yes	261	29.8	60.5	14.1	2.3*	[0.22	4.28]
Past facility delivery
No	342	39.0	58.1	14.6	0.0	[0	0]
Yes	535	61.0	59.5	13.6	1.5	[−0.46	3.35]
Trimester of first ANC
First trimester	261	29.8	59.1	13.8	0.0	[0	0]
Second trimester	536	61.3	59.0	14.2	−0.2	[−2.23	1.92]
Third trimester	72	8.2	58.5	13.4	−0.6	[−4.28	3.04]
No ANC	6	0.7	51.3	15.6	−7.8	[−19.1	3.56]
Number of ANC visits
No ANC	6	0.7	51.3	15.6	−6.9	[− 18.2	4.41]
Less than 4	281	32.2	58.2	14.0	0.0	[0	0]
4 or 5	485	55.6	59.4	14.1	1.2	[−0.85	3.26]
6 plus	100	11.5	59.3	13.3	1.1	[−2.10	4.29]
Tribe
Luo	584	66.6	58.0	12.8	0.0	[0	0]
Kuria	208	23.7	61.8	16.3	3.8***	[1.63	6.04]
Other	85	9.7	58.6	15.1	0.6	[−2.61	3.74]
Religion
Catholic	242	27.6	58.6	14.2	0.0	[0	0]
Protestant/Pentecostal	191	21.8	59.1	14.8	0.5	[−2.17	3.16]
Seventh Day Adventist	263	30.0	59.6	14.5	1.0	[−1.45	3.45]
Other Christian	166	18.9	58.6	11.8	0.0	[−2.77	2.77]
Muslim/other religion	15	1.7	55.1	15.1	−3.5	[−10.8	3.85]
Postpartum length
Less than 1 week	75	8.6	66.1	15.1	0.0	[0	0]
1 week or more	802	91.4	58.3	13.7	−7.8***	[− 11.1	−4.50]
Postpartum length
less than 5 weeks	426	48.6	60.1	14.7	0.0	[0	0]
5 weeks or more	451	51.4	57.9	13.2	−2.1*	[−4.00	− 0.29]
Place of Interview
Health facility	356	40.6	60.7	14.2	0.0	[0	0]
In the community/a home	521	59.4	57.7	13.8	−3.0**	[−4.86	−1.10]

CI = 95% confidence intervals: * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001

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