Table 5 Factors Associated with Highest Direct Healthcare Expenditures in Previous Six-Monthsa
Parameter | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | p-value* |
|---|---|---|---|
Age (year) | 0.95 | 0.92, 0.98 | 0.0006 |
Sex | |||
Male | 0.98 | 0.55, 1.75 | 0.9382 |
Female (ref) | -- | -- | |
Education Level | |||
High School and Below | 0.77 | 0.37, 1.59 | 0.4810 |
Bachelor’s Degree and Above (ref) | -- | -- | |
Type of Insurance | |||
Urban Employee Medical Insurance* | -- | -- | -- |
Urban Resident Medical Insurance | 1.72 | 0.82, 3.63 | 0.8539 |
New Rural Cooperation Medical Insurance | 1.71 | 0.65, 4.49 | 0.8882 |
Free medical service | 1.00 | 0.32, 3.14 | 0.3535 |
Other | 2.23 | 0.31, 16.17 | 0.6961 |
> 1 type | 2.64 | 0.50, 14.03 | 0.4922 |
Income | |||
No income (ref) | -- | -- | -- |
3000 RMB or below | 1.30 | 0.44, 3.81 | 0.4037 |
Above 3000 RMB | 0.96 | 0.28, 3.33 | 0.6926 |
Subject has some level of PN Reimbursement | |||
Yes (ref) | -- | -- | -- |
No | 4.56 | 2.14, 9.75 | < 0.0001 |
Type of Diabetes | |||
Type 1 (%) (ref) | -- | -- | -- |
Type 2 (%) | 0.64 | 0.23, 1.85 | 0.4133 |
Duration of diabetes | 0.96 | 0.91, 1.01 | 0.1311 |
Duration of insulin | 1.03 | 0.95, 1.12 | 0.4174 |
Hypoglycemia frequency in previous six months | |||
None (ref) | |||
1 to 2 | -- | -- | -- |
3 or more | 1.12 | 0.56, 2.25 | 0.5576 |
1.84 | 0.97, 3.48 | 0.0624 | |
BMI | 1.09 | 1.00, 1.20 | 0.0558 |
Presence of CVD | 1.84 | 0.98, 3.48 | 0.0598 |
Presence of hyperlipidemia | 1.67 | 0.86, 3.24 | 0.1300 |
Retinopathy | 2.08 | 1.13, 3.85 | 0.0195 |
Nephropathy | 0.90 | 0.41, 2.00 | 0.7983 |
Neuropathy | 2.92 | 1.56, 5.49 | 0.0009 |
Other complication | 1.03 | 0.35, 3.05 | 0.9578 |