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Table 2 Clinical Characteristics, by PN Reimbursement Status

From: The association between insurance coverage for insulin pen needles and healthcare resource utilization among insulin-dependent patients with diabetes in China

Parameter

Patients with PN Reimbursement

(N = 142)

Patients without PN Reimbursement

(N = 258)

p-value*

Type of diabetesa

 Type 1 (%)

4 (2.8)

22 (8.6)

0.0260

 Type 2 (%)

138 (97.2)

235 (91.4)

Duration of time with diabetes (years)

 Mean (SD)

11.8 (7.3)

11.8 (7.7)

0.9750

 Median (Q1, Q3)

11 (7, 15)

11 (5, 16)

HbA1c

 Mean (SD)

8.0 (1.5)

8.0 (1.8)

0.7484

 Median (Q1, Q3)

7.6 (6.8, 8.9)

7.6 (6.8, 8.8)

Glucose controla

 HbA1c < 7% (%)

43 (30.3)

81 (31.4)

0.8177

 HbA1c ≥ 7% (%)

99 (69.7)

177 (68.6)

BMI

 Mean (SD)

25.1 (3.1)

25.6 (3.2)

0.0951

 Median (Q1, Q3)

24.8 (22.7, 27.1)

25.4 (23.5, 27.6)

Frequency of hypoglycemia in previous six monthsa

 0 (%)

60 (42.3)

104 (40.5)

0.4695

 1–2 (%)

42 (29.6)

66 (25.7)

 3+ (%)

40 (28.2)

87 (33.9)

Duration of insulin therapy (years)

 Mean (SD)

5.9 (5.0)

5.4 (4.3)

0.4444

 Median (Q1, Q3)

5 (2, 8)

4 (2, 8)

Presence of CVD (% Yes)

87 (61.3)

103 (39.9)

<  0.0001

Presence of hyperlipidemiaa (% Yes)

77 (54.2)

48 (18.6))

<  0.0001

Presence of lipohypertrophya (% Yes)

59 (41.6)

153 (59.3)

0.0007

Number of lipohypertrophy nodes

 Mean (SD)

1.5 (0.7)

2.7 (2.5)

<  0.0001

 Median (Q1, Q3)

1 (1, 2)

2 (1, 3)

Longest diameter of lipohypertrophy nodes

 Mean (SD)

16.8 (18.6)

16.1 (11.9)

0.1224

 Median (Q1, Q3)

10 (5, 22)

15 (8, 20)

  1. *Differences in continuous variables were tested using Wilcoxon Rank Sum tests for non-normally distributed variables and the Student t-test for normally distributed variables; differences in categorical variables were tested using χ2 tests; p-values < 0.05 were considered significant
  2. aPercentages represent column percentages
  3. CVD Cardiovascular disease, HbA1c Hemoglobin A1c, Q1 Lower 25th percentile, Q3 Upper 25th percentile, SD Standard deviation