Table 2 Annual healthcare utilization and costs among patients with RSV and matched controls during the follow-up period
Resource category | 1 year | 2–4 years | 5–17 years | ||||||
RSV (n = 4078) | Matched controls (n = 4078) | p-value | RSV (n = 3142) | Matched controls (n = 3142) | p-value | RSV (n = 1290) | Matched controls (n = 1290) | p-value | |
Inpatient visit | |||||||||
  ≥ 1 visit, n (%) | 521 (12.8) | 89 (2.2) | < 0.0001 | 392 (12.5) | 47 (1.5) | < 0.0001 | 123 (9.5) | 23 (1.8) | < 0.0001 |
 No. of visits, mean (SD) | 0.2 (0.6) | 0 (0.2) | < 0.0001 | 0.2 (0.6) | 0 (0.4) | < 0.0001 | 0.2 (0.8) | 0 (0.2) | < 0.0001 |
 Length of stay (days), mean (SD) | 0.4 (2.1) | 0 (0.7) | < 0.0001 | 0.4 (2.1) | 0.1 (1.9) | < 0.0001 | 0.7 (4.3) | 0 (0.5) | < 0.0001 |
 Inpatient costs, mean (SD) | $1625 ($11,249) | $280 ($6376) | < 0.0001 | $2016 ($14,192) | $379 ($11,230) | < 0.0001 | $4325 ($43,249) | $470 ($7593) | < 0.0001 |
ED/UC | |||||||||
  ≥ 1 visit, n (%) | 1912 (46.9) | 1079 (26.5) | < 0.0001 | 1368 (43.5) | 741 (23.6) | < 0.0001 | 413 (32.0) | 217 (16.8) | < 0.0001 |
 No. of visits, mean (SD) | 0.5 (0.6) | 0.3 (0.5) | < 0.0001 | 0.5 (0.6) | 0.2 (0.5) | < 0.0001 | 0.4 (0.7) | 0.2 (0.4) | < 0.0001 |
 ED/UC costs, mean (SD) | $789 ($1926) | $298 ($915) | < 0.0001 | $712 ($1597) | $273 ($1068) | < 0.0001 | $644 ($2040) | $177 ($742) | < 0.0001 |
Ambulatory visit | |||||||||
  ≥ 1 visit, n (%) | 1784 (43.7) | 954 (23.4) | < 0.0001 | 1280 (40.7) | 704 (22.4) | < 0.0001 | 453 (35.1) | 258 (20.0) | < 0.0001 |
 No. of visits, mean (SD) | 1.3 (4.5) | 0.6 (2.8) | < 0.0001 | 1.5 (5.8) | 0.7 (3.8) | < 0.0001 | 1.7 (5.4) | 0.5 (2.7) | < 0.0001 |
 Ambulatory costs, mean (SD) | $1270 ($5866) | $557 ($3735) | < 0.0001 | $1425 ($6179) | $693 ($6427) | < 0.0001 | $2107 ($10,423) | $327 ($1733) | < 0.0001 |
Outpatient visit | |||||||||
  ≥ 1 visit, n (%) | 4065 (99.7) | 3920 (96.1) | < 0.0001 | 3126 (99.5) | 2975 (94.7) | < 0.0001 | 1280 (99.2) | 1107 (85.8) | < 0.0001 |
 No. of visits, mean (SD) | 11 (10.6) | 6 (7.7) | < 0.0001 | 10.1 (15.5) | 5.4 (10.0) | < 0.0001 | 11 (20.4) | 4.8 (9.7) | < 0.0001 |
 Outpatient costs, mean (SD) | $1615 ($3480) | $777 ($1278) | < 0.0001 | $1692 ($7748) | $843 ($3224) | < 0.0001 | $2537 ($12,573) | $713 ($3115) | < 0.0001 |
Prescriptions filled | |||||||||
  ≥ 1 prescription, n (%) | 3863 (94.7) | 2943 (72.2) | < 0.0001 | 2966 (94.4) | 2227 (70.9) | < 0.0001 | 1197 (92.8) | 802 (62.2) | < 0.0001 |
 No. of prescriptions, mean (SD) | 5.8 (5.5) | 2.7 (3.5) | < 0.0001 | 6.0 (6.9) | 2.6 (3.7) | < 0.0001 | 7.2 (10.2) | 2.9 (6.0) | < 0.0001 |
 Prescription costs, mean (SD) | $444 ($913) | $158 ($408) | < 0.0001 | $708 ($3798) | $193 ($875) | < 0.0001 | $1399 ($6765) | $529 ($4253) | < 0.0001 |
Total unadjusted costs,a mean (SD) | $5742 ($17,282) | $2069 ($9562) | < 0.0001 | $6553 ($22,881) | $2380 ($18,909) | < 0.0001 | $11,013 ($60,208) | $2216 ($10,908) | < 0.0001 |
Resource category | 18–49 years | 50–64 years | |||||||
RSV (n = 1226) | Matched controls (n = 1226) | p-value | RSV (n = 894) | Matched controls (n = 894) | p-value | ||||
Inpatient visit | |||||||||
  ≥ 1 visit, n (%) | 153 (12.5) | 77 (6.3) | < 0.0001 | 163 (18.2) | 74 (8.3) | < 0.0001 | |||
 No. of visits, mean (SD) | 0.2 (0.6) | 0.1 (0.3) | < 0.0001 | 0.3 (0.7) | 0.1 (0.5) | < 0.0001 | |||
 Length of stay (days), mean (SD) | 0.6 (4.2) | 0.2 (1.3) | < 0.0001 | 1.1 (5.3) | 0.3 (2.2) | < 0.0001 | |||
 Inpatient costs, mean (SD) | $3416 ($25,766) | $1032 ($7111) | < 0.0001 | $5309 ($30,503) | $2396 ($29,349) | < 0.0001 | |||
ED/UC | |||||||||
  ≥ 1 visit, n (%) | 461 (37.6) | 241 (19.7) | < 0.0001 | 325 (36.4) | 154 (17.2) | < 0.0001 | |||
 No. of visits, mean (SD) | 0.4 (0.6) | 0.2 (0.4) | < 0.0001 | 0.4 (0.7) | 0.2 (0.5) | < 0.0001 | |||
 ED/UC costs, mean (SD) | $881 ($3634) | $280 ($1041) | < 0.0001 | $1160 ($4940) | $334 ($1420) | < 0.0001 | |||
Ambulatory visits | |||||||||
  ≥ 1 visit, n (%) | 600 (48.9) | 450 (36.7) | < 0.0001 | 591 (66.1) | 528 (59.1) | 0.0017 | |||
 No. of visits, mean (SD) | 2.1 (6.0) | 1.1 (2.5) | < 0.0001 | 3.6 (7.1) | 2.2 (4.8) | < 0.0001 | |||
 Ambulatory costs, mean (SD) | $2607 ($12,359) | $1082 ($3910) | < 0.0001 | $4524 ($17,347) | $2350 ($8518) | < 0.0001 | |||
Outpatient visits | |||||||||
  ≥ 1 visit, n (%) | 1212 (98.9) | 1012 (82.5) | < 0.0001 | 893 (99.9) | 818 (91.5) | < 0.0001 | |||
 No. of visits, mean (SD) | 12.3 (15.0) | 6.8 (10.4) | < 0.0001 | 17.8 (18.1) | 9.9 (11.4) | < 0.0001 | |||
 Outpatient costs, mean (SD) | $2417 ($7599) | $1223 ($5698) | < 0.0001 | $3455 ($6481) | $1860 ($6240) | < 0.0001 | |||
Prescriptions filled | |||||||||
  ≥ 1 prescription, n (%) | 1148 (93.6) | 930 (75.9) | < 0.0001 | 859 (96.1) | 766 (85.7) | < 0.0001 | |||
 No. of prescriptions, mean (SD) | 11.3 (13.1) | 7 (8.8) | < 0.0001 | 20.4 (17.5) | 12.9 (13.9) | < 0.0001 | |||
 Prescription costs, mean (SD) | $1861 ($6837) | $733 ($2239) | < 0.0001 | $3477 ($6789) | $2231 ($6284) | < 0.0001 | |||
Total unadjusted costsa, mean (SD) | $11,182 ($42,469) | $4350 ($11,749) | < 0.0001 | $17,925 (46,222) | $9172 ($38,563) | < 0.0001 | |||
Resource category | 65–74 years | 75–84 years | ≥85 years | ||||||
RSV (n = 294) | Matched controls (n = 294) | p-value | RSV (n = 290) | Matched controls (n = 290) | p-value | RSV (n = 218) | Matched controls (n = 218) | p-value | |
Inpatient visit | |||||||||
  ≥ 1 visit, n (%) | 127 (43.2) | 60 (20.4) | < 0.0001 | 157 (54.1) | 90 (31.0) | < 0.0001 | 132 (60.6) | 70 (32.1) | < 0.0001 |
 No. of visits, mean (SD) | 0.8 (1.1) | 0.3 (0.6) | < 0.0001 | 1.1 (1.3) | 0.5 (0.8) | < 0.0001 | 1.0 (1.0) | 0.5 (1.0) | < 0.0001 |
 Length of stay (days), mean (SD) | 3.4 (10.0) | 0.5 (1.8) | < 0.0001 | 4.2 (7.8) | 1.2 (3.3) | < 0.0001 | 3.6 (6.1) | 1.7 (4.5) | < 0.0001 |
 Inpatient costs, mean (SD) | $8433 ($22,394) | $1981 ($6785) | < 0.0001 | $16,286 ($69,695) | $4903 ($17,511) | < 0.0001 | $7113 ($12,020) | $4119 ($16,732) | < 0.0001 |
ED/UC | |||||||||
  ≥ 1 visit, n (%) | 140 (47.6) | 73 (24.8) | < 0.0001 | 171 (59.0) | 107 (36.9) | < 0.0001 | 142 (65.1) | 84 (38.5) | < 0.0001 |
 No. of visits, mean (SD) | 0.7 (0.9) | 0.3 (0.5) | < 0.0001 | 1.0 (1.2) | 0.5 (0.8) | < 0.0001 | 1.0 (1.0) | 0.6 (0.9) | < 0.0001 |
 ED/UC costs, mean (SD) | $916 ($4745) | $257 ($885) | < 0.0001 | $1412 ($3404) | $692 ($2126) | < 0.0001 | $1370 ($3687) | $657 ($1790) | 0.0006 |
Ambulatory visits | |||||||||
  ≥ 1 visit, n (%) | 231 (78.6) | 194 (66.0) | 0.0007 | 238 (82.1) | 201 (69.3) | 0.0004 | 166 (76.1) | 139 (63.8) | 0.0046 |
 No. of visits, mean (SD) | 6 (9.8) | 3.8 (6.5) | < 0.0001 | 6.6 (10.2) | 3.9 (7.4) | < 0.0001 | 5.2 (7.7) | 4.5 (9.6) | < 0.0001 |
 Ambulatory costs, mean (SD) | $4257 ($15,648) | $2660 ($6004) | 0.0296 | $5033 ($16,104) | $4019 ($22,583) | 0.0033 | $5764 ($44,448) | $1915 ($5273) | 0.0093 |
Outpatient visits | |||||||||
  ≥ 1 visit, n (%) | 293 (99.7) | 277 (94.2) | 0.0002 | 289 (99.7) | 272 (93.8) | < 0.0001 | 217 (99.5) | 202 (92.7) | 0.0003 |
 No. of visits, mean (SD) | 25.1 (22.0) | 13.0 (15.5) | < 0.0001 | 35.3 (32.8) | 17.2 (19.3) | < 0.0001 | 35.7 (29.7) | 17.1 (17.2) | < 0.0001 |
 Outpatient costs, mean (SD) | $6957 ($12,526) | $2637 ($6586) | < 0.0001 | $16,627 ($52,729) | $4842 ($12,823) | < 0.0001 | $13,002 ($17,381) | $4604 ($9504) | < 0.0001 |
Prescriptions filled | |||||||||
  ≥ 1 prescription, n (%) | 282 (95.9) | 268 (91.2) | 0.0164 | 274 (94.5) | 272 (93.8) | 0.7237 | 200 (91.7) | 199 (91.3) | 0.8575 |
 No. of prescriptions, mean (SD) | 27.0 (21.1) | 17.0 (14.1) | < 0.0001 | 31.2 (23.9) | 21.7 (15.8) | < 0.0001 | 38.2 (29.1) | 23.6 (19.9) | < 0.0001 |
 Prescription costs, mean (SD) | $4866 ($7563) | $2844 ($6288) | < 0.0001 | $4204 ($4644) | $2955 ($6331) | < 0.0001 | $2958 ($2972) | $2159 ($3690) | < 0.0001 |
Total unadjusted costsa, mean (SD) | $25,429 ($38,653) | $10,379 ($16,103) | < 0.0001 | $43,562 ($99,939) | $17,412 ($36,723) | < 0.0001 | $30,206 ($56,549) | $13,454 ($23,848) | < 0.0001 |