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Table 2 Results of the negative binomial regression

From: Geographic variations in involuntary care and associations with the supply of health and social care: results from a nationwide study

Variable

Estimated value of the coefficient

Standard error

95% CI of the coefficient

Exponentiated coefficient

P-value

Lower bound

Upper bound

Intercept

−6.2746

1.1268

−8.4831

−4.0662

 

< 0.0001

Characteristics of the supply of health and social care

 Supply of public mental health care

  Characteristics of the hospital to which each sector was linked

   Private non-profit (vs. public)

−0.1543

0.2249

− 0.5951

0.2864

0.8570

0.4926

   Participation to teaching activities (vs. no participation)

−0.2567

0.1128

−0.4778

−0.0355

0.7736

0.0229

   Specialization in psychiatry (vs. general hospital)

0.1960

0.0841

0.0312

0.3607

1.2165

0.0197

   Participation to emergency care (vs. no participation)

0.1500

0.1241

−0.0933

0.3933

1.1618

0.2269

   Number of inpatient beds per 100,000 inhabitantsc

− 0.0027

0.0029

− 0.0085

0.0030

0.9973

0.3525

 Supply of private mental health care (per 100,000 inhabitants)

  Number of community-based private psychiatristsb

−0.0113

0.0065

−0.0239

0.0014

0.9888

0.0310

  Number of psychologists

0.0011

0.0010

−0.0008

0.0030

1.0011

0.2644

  Number of hospitalization beds of private psychiatrya

0.0011

0.0024

−0.0036

0.0058

1.0011

0.6544

 Supply of non-specialised care (per 100,000 inhabitants)

Number of general practitionersb

0.0047

0.0027

−0.0006

0.0099

1.0047

0.0499

Number of non-psychiatric hospitalization beds

−0.0001

0.0001

−0.0003

0.0001

0.9999

0.3535

 Supply of social care (per 100,000 inhabitants)

  Number of beds in housing institutions for disabled individuals

−0.0017

0.0007

−0.0020

0.0007

0.9983

0.0466

  Capacity of centres providing care through employment

−0.0015

0.0008

−0.0030

0.0000

0.9985

0.0548

  Capacity of housing and social rehabilitation centres

−0.0008

0.0010

−0.0026

0.0011

0.9992

0.4305

Epidemiological characteristics

 Psychiatric health status of the population

  Number of individuals suffering from chronic mental disorders (per 100,000 inhabitants)a

0.0000

0.0002

−0.0003

0.0003

1.0000

0.9719

  Percentage of deaths by suicide among total deaths

−0.0193

0.0333

−0.0846

0.0460

0.9809

0.5623

  Acute admission rate for psychiatric disorders (per 100,000 inhabitants)

0.0127

0.0009

0.0109

0.0144

1.0128

< 0.0001

 Overall health status of the population (per 100,000 inhabitants)

  Acute admission rate for somatic disorders

0.0000

0.0000

−0.0001

−0.0000

1.0000

0.0041

  Mortality rate

−0.0007

0.0010

−0.0027

0.0013

0.9993

0.4665

  Number of individuals suffering from chronic somatic disorders

0.0000

0.0000

−0.0001

0.0001

1.0000

0.9070

 Demographics of the population

  Number of women (per 100,000 inhabitants)

0.0000

0.0000

−0.0000

0.0001

1.0000

0.0566

  Mean age of individuals aged over 16

−0.0650

0.0187

−0.1017

−0.0284

0.9371

0.0005

 Socio-economic characteristics of the population

  Quintile of the mean deprivation index (FDep) (from lower to higher deprivation), reference: 5th quintile

   1

−0.2945

0.1606

−0.6092

0.0202

0.7449

0.0666

   2

−0.0920

0.1267

−0.3403

0.1564

0.9121

0.4679

   3

−0.0592

0.1242

−0.3027

0.1842

0.9425

0.6333

   4

−0.0864

0.1206

−0.3229

0.1500

0.9172

0.4737

Level of urbanisation

 Quantile of the level of urbanisation (from lower to higher urbanisation), reference: 6th quantile

  1

0.0701

0.1253

−0.1754

0.3156

1.0726

0.5758

  2

0.0423

0.1613

−0.2739

0.3585

1.0432

0.7933

  3

0.1125

0.3969

−0.6655

0.8904

1.1191

0.7769

  4

0.5827

0.5735

−0.5412

1.7067

1.7909

0.3095

  5

0.0099

0.1254

−0.2359

0.2557

1.0099

0.9373

  1. aand bSignificant correlations were observed between these variables. However, corresponding correlation coefficients were weak and there were strong hypotheses on associations of these variables with involuntary admission rates so they were all introduced in the model
  2. cThe number of inpatient beds per 100,000 inhabitants of the catchment area was highly correlated with the total number of full-time equivalents per 100,000 inhabitants allocated to psychiatric care by the hospital to which each sector was linked (ρ = 0.96; p < 0.0001). We therefore only introduced the number of beds in the model