Table 1 Baseline characteristics by intervention and housing stability
Characteristic | Full Sample* (N = 1581–1650) | Housing First | Standard Care | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sustained Housing Instability (n = 85–87) | Late Housing Instability (n = 84–89) | Sustained Housing Stability (n = 708–732) | Late Housing Stability (n = 71–78) | Sustained Housing Instability (n = 296–312) | Late Housing Instability (n = 32–34) | Sustained Housing Stability (n = 153–158) | Late Housing Stability (n = 152–160) | ||
Age | 41.03 (11.06) | 38.07 (11.87) | 39.53 (11.12) | 41.49 (11.01) | 39.34 (9.96) | 41.63 (11.13) | 39.18 (9.81) | 41.51 (11.58) | 40.94 (10.69) |
Gender, male | 1127 (68.3%) | 65 (74.7%) | 72 (80.9%) | 479 (65.4%) | 52 (66.7%) | 226 (72.4%) | 25 (73.5%) | 103 (65.2%) | 105 (65.6%) |
Canadian-born | 1334 (80.8%) | 72 (82.8%) | 77 (86.5%) | 584 (79.8%) | 66 (84.6%) | 255 (81.7%) | 28 (82.4%) | 125 (79.1%) | 127 (79.4%) |
Lifetime length of homelessness (months) | 61.60 (70.56) | 84.55 (85.81) | 80.45 (95.26) | 55.74 (65.33) | 68.74 (71.83) | 64.98 (69.80) | 66.85 (73.64) | 55.60 (71.51) | 60.52 (63.97) |
Military veteran | 70 (4.3%) | 4 (4.7%) | 3 (3.4%) | 35 (4.8%) | 4 (5.1%) | 14 (4.5%) | 2 (5.9%) | 5 (3.2%) | 3 (1.9%) |
MCAS total | 59.70 (8.65) | 57.60 (8.80) | 58.62 (8.33) | 60.13 (8.69) | 58.18 (9.79) | 58.61 (8.72) | 59.32 (9.02) | 61.82 (7.93) | 60.32 (7.93) |
GAIN-SPS total (past month) | 1.84 (1.94) | 2.08 (2.07) | 2.42 (2.06) | 1.71 (1.91) | 1.97 (2.07) | 2.07 (1.96) | 2.09 (2.02) | 1.53 (1.85) | 1.68 (1.82) |
Chronic medical conditions | 4.69 (3.43) | 3.95 (3.18) | 5.51 (3.63) | 4.70 (3.42) | 4.01 (3.32) | 4.63 (3.45) | 5.03 (4.00) | 4.50 (3.23) | 5.16 (3.49) |
Current psychiatric diagnosis | |||||||||
Major depressive episode | 839 (50.8%) | 40 (46.0%) | 49 (55.1%) | 381 (52.0%) | 35 (44.9%) | 142 (45.5%) | 19 (55.9%) | 83 (52.5%) | 90 (56.3%) |
Mania or hypomania episode | 221 (13.4%) | 9 (10.3%) | 14 (15.7%) | 104 (14.2%) | 6 (7.7%) | 47 (15.1%) | 4 (11.8%) | 20 (12.7%) | 17 (10.6%) |
Posttraumatic stress disorder | 476 (28.9%) | 21 (24.1%) | 37 (41.6%) | 216 (29.5%) | 13 (16.7%) | 82 (26.4%) | 11 (32.4%) | 50 (31.6%) | 46 (28.8%) |
Panic disorder | 375 (22.7%) | 11 (12.6%) | 24 (27.0%) | 171 (23.4%) | 12 (15.4%) | 81 (26.0%) | 8 (23.5%) | 31 (19.6%) | 37 (23.1%) |
Mood disorder, psychotic features | 276 (16.7%) | 13 (14.9%) | 11 (12.4%) | 123 (16.8%) | 10 (12.8%) | 55 (17.7%) | 4 (11.8%) | 32 (20.3%) | 28 (17.5%) |
Psychotic disorder | 599 (36.3%) | 38 (43.7%) | 23 (25.8%) | 254 (34.7%) | 35 (44.9%) | 127 (40.7%) | 11 (32.4%) | 54 (34.2%) | 57 (35.6%) |
Alcohol abuse/dependence | 740 (44.8%) | 41 (47.1%) | 57 (64.0%) | 311 (42.5%) | 33 (42.3%) | 151 (48.4%) | 12 (35.3%) | 63 (39.9%) | 72 (45.0%) |
Drug abuse/dependence | 884 (53.6%) | 50 (57.5%) | 56 (62.9%) | 371 (50.7%) | 44 (56.4%) | 174 (55.8%) | 24 (70.6%) | 78 (49.4%) | 87 (54.4%) |
Long-stay psychiatric hospitalization (≥6 months) in past 5 years | 109 (6.7%) | 9 (10.8%) | 5 (5.7%) | 53 (7.3%) | 6 (7.8%) | 14 (4.5%) | 1 (3.0%) | 11 (7.1%) | 10 (6.3%) |
Two or more psychiatric hospitalizations in past 5 years | 602 (37.2%) | 18 (21.2%) | 26 (29.2%) | 272 (37.9%) | 30 (40.0%) | 113 (37.0%) | 12 (36.4%) | 60 (38.2%) | 71 (44.9%) |
Support model | |||||||||
ACT | 342 (34.7%) | 34 (39.1%) | 33 (37.1%) | 246 (33.6%) | 29 (37.2%) | – | – | – | – |
ICM | 560 (56.8%) | 50 (57.4%) | 52 (58.4%) | 417 (57.0%) | 41 (52.6%) | – | – | – | – |
Congregate, supportive housing | 84 (8.5%) | 3 (3.4%) | 4 (44.9%) | 69 (9.4%) | 8 (10.3%) | – | – | – | – |