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Table 3 Results of generalized linear models of total, somatic and psychiatric health care costs

From: The determinants of individual health care expenditures in prison: evidence from Switzerland

 

Total costs

Somatic costs

Psychiatric costs

Poisson-log

Gamma-log

Poisson-log

Gamma-log

Poisson-log

Gamma-log

Exp. coef.

(SE)

Exp. coef.

(SE)

Exp. coef.

(SE)

Exp. coef.

(SE)

Exp. coef.

(SE)

Exp. coef.

(SE)

Chronic somatic conditions

 Infectious diseases

2.749***

(0.411)

2.412***

(0.441)

6.323***

(1.405)

3.947***

(0.907)

1.848***

(0.268)

1.488**

(0.254)

 Skin problems

1.493***

(0.231)

1.683**

(0.405)

1.979***

(0.430)

1.609***

(0.284)

1.221

(0.210)

1.604*

(0.450)

 Musculoskeletal system

1.335***

(0.145)

1.758***

(0.289)

1.232*

(0.134)

1.680***

(0.223)

1.404**

(0.193)

2.020***

(0.407)

 Digestive system

0.871

(0.107)

1.078

(0.131)

1.091

(0.149)

1.231*

(0.142)

0.755

(0.129)

1.025

(0.148)

 Circulatory system

1.592

(0.531)

1.621*

(0.404)

2.546***

(0.904)

1.707***

(0.317)

1.047

(0.230)

1.447

(0.410)

 Endocrine system

1.143

(0.286)

1.165

(0.258)

1.523

(0.414)

1.762***

(0.332)

1.072

(0.274)

0.973

(0.261)

 Respiratory system

0.890

(0.142)

0.810

(0.109)

0.902

(0.170)

0.835

(0.102)

0.963

(0.171)

0.799

(0.122)

 Nervous system

1.211

(0.279)

1.522*

(0.338)

1.184

(0.242)

1.155

(0.167)

1.139

(0.359)

1.737**

(0.482)

Psychiatric conditions

 Schizophrenia

2.549***

(0.468)

2.369***

(0.516)

0.967

(0.340)

0.748

(0.154)

3.090***

(0.648)

3.290***

(0.802)

 Mood disorder

1.096

(0.197)

0.871

(0.156)

1.116

(0.309)

1.155

(0.246)

1.336*

(0.230)

0.854

(0.187)

 Neurotic disorder

1.674***

(0.185)

1.622***

(0.173)

1.319*

(0.201)

1.466***

(0.166)

1.903***

(0.219)

1.776***

(0.201)

 Behavioral syndrome

0.911

(0.170)

0.949

(0.172)

0.613**

(0.144)

0.587***

(0.103)

1.118

(0.232)

1.279

(0.277)

 Personality disorder

1.455***

(0.190)

1.252*

(0.145)

1.304*

(0.177)

1.139

(0.136)

1.545***

(0.243)

1.326**

(0.170)

 Mental retardation

1.261

(0.367)

1.189

(0.211)

1.355

(0.415)

0.810

(0.149)

1.197

(0.466)

1.460*

(0.308)

Substance abuse

 Alcohol

1.030

(0.119)

1.315***

(0.139)

0.871

(0.098)

0.952

(0.091)

1.054

(0.162)

1.573***

(0.191)

 Illicit drugs

1.288**

(0.156)

1.878***

(0.269)

0.582***

(0.109)

1.060

(0.130)

1.710***

(0.239)

2.542***

(0.402)

 Pharmaceuticals

1.914***

(0.277)

1.735***

(0.281)

1.559**

(0.288)

1.215

(0.185)

2.079***

(0.347)

2.219***

(0.479)

Demographic characteristics

 Aged 30–39

1.222*

(0.141)

1.372**

(0.173)

1.584***

(0.251)

1.153

(0.128)

1.056

(0.147)

1.508***

(0.213)

 Aged 40–49

1.405***

(0.173)

1.397**

(0.184)

2.249***

(0.388)

1.521***

(0.206)

1.061

(0.146)

1.382**

(0.206)

 Aged 50 and older

0.994

(0.287)

2.544***

(0.789)

1.377

(0.405)

1.811***

(0.405)

0.956

(0.275)

3.285***

(1.241)

 Female

0.559**

(0.154)

0.809

(0.345)

1.207

(0.425)

1.157

(0.391)

0.374***

(0.105)

0.815

(0.403)

 Married

1.144

(0.197)

1.146

(0.138)

1.152

(0.242)

1.011

(0.113)

1.085

(0.198)

1.133

(0.146)

 Swiss origin

1.104

(0.134)

1.429**

(0.215)

0.817

(0.147)

1.166

(0.167)

1.240

(0.181)

1.602***

(0.265)

 Health insurance

1.145

(0.123)

0.930

(0.097)

1.036

(0.185)

0.866

(0.085)

1.224

(0.162)

0.971

(0.115)

Prison stay characteristics

 Stayed in Bois-Mermet prison

0.558***

(0.090)

0.672**

(0.113)

0.798

(0.186)

0.766*

(0.121)

0.444***

(0.076)

0.620**

(0.126)

 Stayed in Plaine d’Orbe prison

0.798

(0.136)

0.656**

(0.120)

0.989

(0.251)

0.785

(0.131)

0.685**

(0.130)

0.610**

(0.141)

 Stayed in CroisĂ©e prison

0.840

(0.135)

0.783

(0.127)

1.086

(0.290)

0.910

(0.142)

0.687**

(0.112)

0.701*

(0.136)

 Stayed in La Tuilière prison

1.621**

(0.347)

1.892***

(0.436)

1.619

(0.515)

1.428

(0.314)

1.344

(0.283)

1.764**

(0.455)

 Violent crime

0.634*

(0.166)

0.919

(0.210)

0.743

(0.207)

0.869

(0.177)

0.713

(0.182)

1.035

(0.295)

 Sexual crime

1.587**

(0.319)

1.411*

(0.279)

2.058**

(0.609)

1.449

(0.340)

1.478*

(0.306)

1.263

(0.291)

 Drug-related crime

0.890

(0.106)

0.725***

(0.079)

0.973

(0.133)

0.824*

(0.083)

0.902

(0.109)

0.709***

(0.090)

 Preventive detention

1.270**

(0.152)

1.204

(0.151)

1.366**

(0.203)

1.162

(0.131)

1.236

(0.166)

1.176

(0.161)

 Under art. 59 SCC

3.009***

(0.755)

7.282***

(3.106)

1.372

(0.677)

2.580**

(1.152)

2.952***

(0.819)

9.796***

(4.406)

 Under art. 64 SCC

1.340

(0.419)

4.216

(3.727)

0.714

(0.265)

0.960

(0.630)

1.620

(0.498)

6.678**

(6.303)

 Number of stays in 2011

1.102

(0.150)

1.219*

(0.131)

1.100

(0.148)

1.056

(0.088)

1.138

(0.173)

1.305**

(0.168)

 Total length of stay

0.999***

(0.000)

0.998***

(0.000)

0.998***

(0.000)

0.998***

(0.000)

0.999***

(0.000)

0.997***

(0.000)

 Ln(Length of stay in 2011)

1 (exposure)

1 (exposure)

1 (exposure)

1 (exposure)

1 (exposure)

1 (exposure)

 Constant

11.427***

(1.883)

12.347***

(1.982)

2.522***

(0.658)

5.519***

(0.879)

9.225***

(1.636)

6.970***

(1.268)

 Modified Park testa

1.032

 

1.459***

 

1.337***

1.724*

0.866

 

1.458***

 

 Hosmer-Lemeshow test (p-value)

0.068*

 

0.000***

 

0.000***

0.000***

0.091*

 

0.000***

 

 Cross-sample RMSE

4788.92

 

16,395.76

2305.08

2245.27

4474.69

 

24,926.08

 

 Cross-sample MPE

−82.91

 

− 1600.29

−16.97

−102.17

−116.94

 

− 2336.04

 
  1. N = 1107
  2. Exponentiated coefficients with robust standard errors in parentheses. Aged 18–29, male, convicted and other type of offence are reference categories. Abbreviations: Swiss Criminal Code (SCC), root mean square error (RMSE) and mean prediction error (MPE)
  3. * p < 0.10, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01
  4. aThe table presents the estimate of the power of the conditional variance function, and significance levels indicate whether it is significantly different from the closest integer. For the Hosmer-Lemeshow test, p-values are presented