Table 4 Generalized Estimating Equations
From: Baseline assessment of patient safety culture in public hospitals in Kuwait
Patient Safety Grade | Number of Events Reported | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | P-value | OR (95% CI) | P-value | |
Patient Safety Culture Composites | ||||
Supervisor/Manager Expectations & Actions Promoting Patient Safety | 0.73 (0.67–0.80) | < 0.001 | 1.05 (0.95–1.16) | 0.318 |
Organizational learning and Continuous Improvement | 0.65 (0.55–0.77) | < 0.001 | 1.27 (1.16–1.39) | < 0.001 |
Teamwork within units | 0.75 (0.68–0.83) | < 0.001 | 1.05 (0.95–1.15) | 0.347 |
Communication Openness | 0.78 (0.67–0.91) | 0.002 | 0.91 (0.83–1.01) | 0.077 |
Feedback and Communications About Error | 0.72 (0.63–0.83) | < 0.001 | 1.10 (1.02–1.19) | 0.018 |
Non-punitive Response to Error | 1.01 (0.89–1.15) | 0.850 | 0.96 (0.86–1.07) | 0.448 |
Staffing | 0.84 (0.72–0.97) | 0.021 | 0.88 (0.78–0.99) | 0.038 |
Hospital Management Support for Patient Safety | 0.47 (0.40–0.54) | < 0.001 | 0.81 (0.71–0.92) | 0.002 |
Hospital Handoffs & Transitions | 0.89 (0.75–1.06) | 0.197 | 0.94 (0.86–1.02) | 0.137 |
Teamwork Across Hospital Units | 0.81 (0.67–0.98) | 0.027 | 0.94 (0.82–1.07) | 0.318 |
Gender | ||||
Male | 1.11 (0.90–1.35) | 0.300 | 1.14 (0.97–1.35) | 0.122 |
Female | 1 | 1 | ||
Experience at the hospital | ||||
< 5 years | 0.87 (0.69–1.10) | 0.237 | 1.12 (0.98–1.27) | 0.086 |
5 to 20 years | 0.90 (0.74–1.10) | 0.289 | 0.98 (0.83–1.15) | 0.765 |
More or equal to 21 years | 1 | 1 | ||
Highest Degree | ||||
High school or below | 1.19 (0.71–2.02) | 0.505 | 1.21 (0.74–1.98) | 0.437 |
University Degree | 0.59 (0.35–1.00) | 0.048 | 0.81 (0.55–1.19) | 0.275 |
Technical Degree | 0.89 (0.58–1.35) | 0.577 | 0.95 (0.64–1.41) | 0.795 |
Other | 1 | 1 | ||
Position at the hospital | ||||
Physician | 1.15 (0.86–1.53) | 0.344 | 0.57 (0.47–0.69) | < 0.001 |
Pharmacist | 1.12 (0.69–1.83) | 0.637 | 0.52 (0.32–0.82) | 0.005 |
Nurse | 0.97 (0.73–1.29) | 0.829 | 0.51 (0.43–0.59) | < 0.001 |
Admin | 1.07 (0.61–1.87) | 0.828 | 0.24 (0.14–0.43) | < 0.001 |
Other | 1 | 1 | ||
Nationality | ||||
Kuwaiti | 0.68 (0.49–0.93) | 0.016 | 1.20 (1.04–1.37) | 0.010 |
Non-Kuwaiti | 1 | 1 | ||
Interaction with patients | ||||
Yes | 1.01 (0.76–1.32) | 0.967 | 0.82 (0.68–0.98) | 0.033 |
No | 1 | 1 | ||
Hospital Size | ||||
Small | 1.65 (1.17–2.33) | 0.004 | 2.67 (2.17–3.30) | < 0.001 |
Medium | 2.02 (0.85–4.79) | 0.110 | 1.85 (1.07–3.20) | 0.028 |
Large | 1 | 1 | ||