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Table 2 Distribution of medical costs by patient characteristics

From: The effects of continuity of care on hospital utilization in patients with knee osteoarthritis: analysis of Nationwide insurance data

(Unit: $)

Category

Patient

Frequency of hospitalization*

Medical costs†

N*

Mean

SD

Min

Max

Mean

SD

Min

Max

Gender

Male

130,621

.02

.178

0

11

127.37

538.240

0.47

139,789.78

Female

181,328

.03

.267

0

14

202.30

638.697

1.63

28,112.14

Age (yr)

≤29

69,212

.00

.084

0

4

70.94

109.578

2.82

4624.45

30–39

30,770

.01

.104

0

4

83.28

810.316

2.82

139,789.78

40–49

45,951

.02

.171

0

8

110.39

248.453

1.63

10,561.95

50–59

64,555

.03

.263

0

11

171.71

450.686

0.47

24,586.82

60–69

49,299

.04

.286

0

10

265.98

775.475

2.19

28,112.14

70–79

52,162

.04

.349

0

14

317.80

907.321

2.19

24,694.04

Payer type

NHI

298,290

.02

.222

0

10

165.96

591.144

0.47

139,789.78

Medicaid

13,413

.05

.424

0

14

279.46

760.654

2.19

24,586.82

Others

246

.03

.237

0

2

273.59

539.213

5.68

5011.12

Charlson comorbidity score

0

103,063

.01

.085

0

4

72.69

117.522

2.82

6607.16

1

47,059

.02

.156

0

8

112.84

683.632

1.63

139,789.78

2

62,858

.03

.218

0

11

158.13

356.459

0.47

12,885.72

3+

98,969

.05

.350

0

14

308.96

886.541

2.19

28,112.14

Outpatient visits

1

103,808

.00

.099

0

9

31.54

115.540

0.47

15,756.91

2–3

79,207

.01

.148

0

14

68.70

186.207

4.38

13,888.52

4–7

60,431

.02

.236

0

11

152.88

444.964

3.92

28,112.14

8+

68,503

.07

.396

0

14

516.26

1114.627

13.75

139,789.78

Level of COC

0.76–1.00

78,012

.01

.106

0

10

170.09

312.047

3.92

24,586.82

0.51–0.75

57,320

.07

.384

0

14

387.94

1040.586

17.70

139,789.78

0.26–0.50

1470

.13

.615

0

11

202.20

627.165

32.03

9973.78

0.00–0.25

23,534

.10

.454

0

9

489.31

1157.925

17.89

19,840.50

Low (< 3 visits)

151,613

.00

.115

0

14

39.58

134.471

0.47

15,756.91

Hospital type

General Hospital

16,730

.07

.372

0

14

281.58

1082.456

2.19

28,112.14

Hospital

32,457

.07

.351

0

10

228.84

776.606

2.19

16,298.44

Clinic

1588

.35

1.421

0

14

333.70

1282.782

2.19

16,734.24

LTC

175,322

.02

.180

0

9

163.87

584.362

0.47

139,789.78

Oriental Hospital

1725

.07

.453

0

8

173.74

395.500

5.95

7899.90

Oriental Clinic

84,127

.01

.121

0

8

138.15

342.284

5.95

14,081.61

Region

Urban

140,742

.03

.239

0

14

173.88

660.958

0.47

139,789.78

Rural

171,207

.02

.230

0

11

168.49

544.449

1.63

28,112.14

Ownership

Public

2282

.04

.296

0

6

253.48

1145.142

3.30

14,281.70

Corporate

25,316

.07

.441

0

14

253.91

930.462

2.19

28,112.14

Private

284,351

.02

.205

0

10

162.87

553.520

0.47

139,789.78

No. of beds

≤100

277,880

.02

.189

0

14

159.10

532.764

0.47

139,789.78

101–300

23,383

.09

.460

0

11

246.28

894.096

2.19

28,112.14

301–500

4099

.07

.426

0

9

226.00

822.218

2.19

19,486.28

501–700

2614

.09

.547

0

14

348.73

1320.391

4.40

24,694.04

≥701

3973

.09

.381

0

5

380.78

1318.467

5.01

19,840.50

  1. *Calculated total number of hospital admissions divided into total of person–years
  2. † The sum of self-payment costs paid by the beneficiary (patient) and benefits reimbursed by the insurer (Korean National Health Insurance Service) to the medical care institution. The total amount of treatment items determined to be eligible for reimbursement by the HIRA is compared to the amount indicated in the submitted insurance claim statement. Costs are in Korean Won (1200 KRW = 1 US dollar)
  3. Abbreviations: SD standard deviation; HIRA Health Insurance Review Assessment Service
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BMC Health Services Research

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