Table 1 Health outcomes used in study model
Variables (Annual Rate) | Valuea | References |
|---|---|---|
Treatment failure | ||
 Metformin monotherapy | 0.046 | Kahn et al., 2006 [16] |
 Metformin+dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor | 0.013 | |
 Metformin+sulfonylurea | 0.053 | Rascati et al., 2013 [17] |
Death rate | ||
 60–70 years | 0.021 | Zhuo et al., 2014 [19] |
 71–80 years | 0.051 | Zhuo et al., 2014 [19] |
 Over 81 years | 0.107 | Zhuo et al., 2014 [19] |
Death hazard ratio of Metformin+SU to Metformin+DPP-4i | 1.850 | Morgan et al., 2014 [20] |
Hypoglycemia | ||
 Severe hypoglycemia among patients with Metformin+SU | 0.016 | Goke et al., 2010 [9] |
 Hypoglycemia with medical assistance among patients with Metformin+SU | 0.009 | Goke et al., 2010 [9] |
 Severe hypoglycemia among patients with insulin glargine | 0.010 | The Origin Trial Investigators, 2012 [21] |
Weight gain in the first year after starting SU | 0.510 | Bergenheim et al., 2012 [12] |
Myocardial infarction | ||
 Metformin monotherapy | 0.004 | Kahn et al., 2006 [16] |
 Metformin+dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor | 0.004 | Gitt et al., 2013 [11] |
 Metformin+sulfonylurea | 0.000 | Gitt et al., 2013 [11] |
 Insulin glargine | 0.009 | The Origin Trial Investigators, 2012 [21] |
Heart failure | ||
 Metformin monotherapy | 0.003 | Kahn et al., 2006 [16] |
 Metformin+dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor | 0.017 | Gitt et al., 2013 [11] |
 Metformin+sulfonylurea | 0.020 | Gitt et al., 2013 [11] |
 Insulin glargine | 0.009 | The Origin Trial Investigators, 2012 [21] |
Stroke | ||
 Metformin monotherapy | 0.003 | Kahn et al., 2006 [16] |
 Metformin+dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor | 0.002 | Gitt et al., 2013 [11] |
 Metformin+sulfonylurea | 0.020 | Gitt et al., 2013 [11] |
 Insulin glargine | 0.009 | The Origin Trial Investigators, 2012 [21] |