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Table 3 Marketplace and HIL

From: Tobacco use and health insurance literacy among vulnerable populations: implications for health reform

Variables

Lowest Deductible

Highest OOPa

Lowest Cost Choice if Health Services Not Needed

Lowest Cost Choice if Hospitalized

HIL

Tobacco Use

 Current Tobacco User

−0.07

(0.05)

−0.09*

(0.05)

0.01

(0.05)

−0.08**

(0.04)

−0.22**

(0.10)

Insurance Market

 Purchase in Marketplace

−0.11*

(0.05)

0.16***

(0.05)

0.02

(0.06)

0.02

(0.05)

−0.23**

(0.12)

Demographics

 Age

−0.00**

(0.00)

0.01***

(0.00)

0.00

(0.00)

0.00

(0.00)

−0.01**

(0.00)

 Female

0.06

(0.05)

0.04

(0.05)

−0.02

(0.05)

0.06

(0.04)

0.14

(0.10)

Race

 African-American (ref)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

 White Non-Hispanic

0.10*

(0.05)

0.04

(0.05)

0.09

(0.06)

0.04

(0.05)

0.27**

(0.11)

 Other

0.03

(0.13)

0.15*

(0.08)

−0.03

(0.13)

0.12

(0.10)

0.27

(0.25)

Education

 Less than High School

−0.05

(0.08)

0.10

(0.08)

−0.11

(0.08)

−0.10**

(0.05)

−0.16

(0.16)

 High School (Ref)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

 Some College

0.12***

(0.05)

0.06

(0.05)

0.06

(0.05)

0.03

(0.04)

0.27***

(0.10)

 Bachelors/Graduate

0.03

(0.07)

−0.01

(0.06)

0.10

(0.06)

0.01

(0.05)

0.12

(0.14)

Marital Status

 Married (ref)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

 Widowed/Divorced/Separated

0.13**

(0.05)

0.08

(0.05)

−0.03

(0.06)

0.06

(0.05)

0.24**

(0.12)

 Married

0.06

(0.06)

−0.04

(0.06)

−0.11*

(0.06)

0.01

(0.05)

−0.08

(0.12)

Type of Health Insurance

 Employer-sponsored (ref)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

 Family Plan

0.00

(0.06)

0.09*

(0.06)

0.05

(0.06)

0.00

(0.05)

0.14

(0.13)

 Individual

−0.02

(0.08)

0.01

(0.08)

0.02

(0.08)

−0.06

(0.06)

−0.05

(0.16)

 Medicare

0.10

(0.07)

0.06

(0.07)

−0.01

(0.08)

0.00

(0.06)

0.15

(0.17)

 Medicaid

−0.05

(0.06)

−0.06

(0.06)

−0.01

(0.06)

−0.06

(0.05)

−0.18

(0.12)

Cognitive

 Cognitive Function

0.00

(0.07)

0.04

(0.07)

−0.06

(0.08)

0.18**

(0.08)

0.17

(0.16)

 Numeracy

0.06**

(0.03)

0.08***

(0.02)

0.05*

(0.03)

0.08***

(0.02)

0.25***

(0.06)

Risk

 Gambling Risk

0.02

(0.02)

0.02

(0.02)

0.01

(0.02)

−0.01

(0.01)

0.04

(0.04)

Discounting

 Impatience

0.00

(0.01)

0.01

(0.01)

−0.01

(0.01)

−0.01

(0.01)

0

(0.03)

Health

 High Utilizer

0.01

(0.04)

−0.06

(0.04)

0.08*

(0.05)

0.01

(0.03)

0.03

(0.09)

Monthly Income

 $0–$720 (ref)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

 $721–$1200

0.01

(0.05)

0.07

(0.05)

0.07

(0.06)

0.00

(0.04)

0.15

(0.11)

 $1201–$2400

0.03

(0.06)

0.08

(0.06)

0.01

(0.06)

0.03

(0.05)

0.14

(0.13)

 $2401

0.06

(0.07)

−0.00

(0.06)

0.13**

(0.07)

0.02

(0.05)

0.21

(0.14)

Heath Status

 Excellent (ref)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

 Very Good

0.10*

(0.06)

0.10

(0.06)

0.03

(0.07)

0.09*

(0.05)

0.33**

(0.14)

 Good

0.12*

(0.06)

0.08

(0.06)

0.02

(0.06)

0.04

(0.05)

0.26**

(0.13)

 Fair

0.18**

(0.07)

0.03

(0.07)

−0.05

(0.07)

0.05

(0.06)

0.21

(0.16)

 Poor

0.10

(0.13)

−0.01

(0.12)

0.00

(0.13)

−0.02

(0.09)

0.07

(0.10)

Constant

0.49***

(0.11)

0.66***

(0.10)

0.32***

(0.11)

0.10

(0.08)

1.58***

(0.23)

Observations

631

631

631

631

631.00

R-squared

0.09

0.11

0.06

0.10

0.16

  1. *** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1
  2. The linear regression models used robust standard errors
  3. aOut-of-pocket (OOP) is the expenses for medical care that aren’t reimbursed by insurance. OOP costs include deductibles, coinsurance, and copayments for covered services plus all costs for services that aren’t covered
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BMC Health Services Research

ISSN: 1472-6963

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