From: Women’s autonomy and maternal healthcare service utilization in Ethiopia
2005 (N = 6058) % | 2011 (N = 7043) % | |
---|---|---|
Individual-level characteristics | ||
Attitudes toward wife beating | ||
Favorable | 82.3 | 73.7* |
Opposing | 17.7 | 26.3 |
Women’s decision-making power at home | ||
Low | 32.4 | 28.3* |
High | 67.6 | 71.7 |
Age (years) | ||
15–24 | 26.8 | 25.6 |
25–34 | 47.1 | 49.3 |
35–49 | 26.0 | 25.1 |
Age at the first marriage (years) | ||
<16 | 49.4 | 42.2* |
16–19 | 33.9 | 38.6 |
≥20 | 16.7 | 19.2 |
Religion | ||
Orthodox | 41.1 | 33.1* |
Protestant | 18.1 | 19.3 |
Muslim | 38.2 | 44.6 |
Others | 3.6 | 3.0 |
Educational level | ||
No education | 76.1 | 67.5* |
Primary | 15.6 | 26.2 |
Secondary and higher | 8.3 | 6.3 |
Employment status | ||
No | 77.1 | 70.1* |
Yes | 22.9 | 29.9 |
Child was wanted at the time of the pregnancy | ||
Yes | 69.6 | 75.4* |
No | 30.4 | 24.6 |
Birth order | ||
First | 17.1 | 17.6 |
Second | 16.0 | 16.8 |
Third or higher | 66.9 | 65.6 |
Number of children in the household | ||
1 or 2 | 38.3 | 39.2 |
3 or 4 | 31.0 | 30.5 |
≥ 5 | 30.6 | 30.9 |
Spouse’s educational level | ||
No education | 58.3 | 50.3* |
Primary | 26.0 | 37.7 |
Secondary and higher | 15.6 | 12.0 |
Media exposure | ||
No | 88.2 | 67.9* |
Yes | 11.8 | 32.1 |
Wealth index | ||
Poorest | 24.6 | 29.8 |
Poor | 18.5 | 17.4 |
Middle | 18.3 | 16.3 |
Rich | 17.1 | 15.8 |
Richest | 21.5 | 20.6 |
Place of residence | ||
Urban | 14.7 | 18.6 |
Rural | 85.3 | 81.4 |
Outcome variables | ||
Antenatal care | ||
<4 visits | 82.7 | 77.9* |
≥4 visits | 17.3 | 22.1 |
Delivery place | ||
Home | 86.8 | 83.2 |
Health facility | 13.4 | 16.6 |
Postnatal care | ||
No | 89.6 | 86.9 |
Yes | 10.4 | 13.1 |