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Table 2 Summary of procedures for log-in and security

From: Nationwide citizen access to their health data: analysing and comparing experiences in Denmark, Estonia and Australia

Log in and security issues

Denmark

Estonia

Australia

What is the log-in procedure

Two factor authentication

2 factor PKI combined with an electronic identity

MYGOV generated Number; Personally Generated Password; Security Name or Number (via Mobile Phone)

Who has access?

The citizens can access own data. Health professional can access data of patients they treat

The citizens can access own data. Health professional can access data of patients they treat

The citizens can access own data. Health professional can access data of patients they treat

How is security controlled?

Letter send in case of suspected abuse. Citizens control own log.

Bi-annual audits of log files

Citizens are expected to report suspicious behaviour to the E-Health Foundation

Citizens are expected to report suspicious behaviour to the E-Health Foundation

User support

Only technical and navigation questions.

Only technical and navigation questions.

Only technical and navigation questions.