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Table 3 Interrupted time series analysis of the effect of the over-the-counter drug policy on number of monthly outpatient visits for acute upper respiratory infections, dyspepsia, and migraine

From: Deregulation of sale of over-the-counter drugs outside of pharmacies in the Republic of Korea: interrupted-time-series analysis of outpatient visits before and after the policy

 

Acute upper respiratory infections

Dyspepsia

Migraine

Estimation

Standard error

p-value

Estimation

Standard error

p-value

Estimation

Standard error

p-value

Trend

−0.0003*

0.0001

<.0001

0.0101*

0.0005

<.0001

0.0057*

0.0003

<.0001

Intervention

 Yes

0.0026

0.0017

0.1307

−0.0216

0.0194

0.2651

−0.0314*

0.0151

0.037

 No

Ref.

-

-

Ref.

-

-

Ref.

-

-

Trend after intervention

0.0002

0.0002

0.3416

−0.007*

0.0021

0.0007

0.0019

0.0016

0.2497

Sex

 Male

−0.0137*

0.0015

<.0001

−0.2174*

0.0144

<.0001

−0.4796*

0.0149

<.0001

 Female

Ref.

-

-

Ref.

-

-

Ref.

-

-

Age

 less than 30

0.568*

0.0107

<.0001

1.2492*

0.0406

<.0001

1.0934*

0.0429

<.0001

 30–39

0.4174*

0.0108

<.0001

1.1252*

0.0422

<.0001

1.4585*

0.0426

<.0001

 40–49

0.3975*

0.0108

<.0001

0.8341*

0.0426

<.0001

1.344*

0.0427

<.0001

 50–59

0.3842*

0.0109

<.0001

0.462*

0.0433

<.0001

1.0162*

0.0429

<.0001

 60–69

0.3177*

0.0113

<.0001

0.0865*

0.0438

0.0484

0.5039*

0.0441

<.0001

 70–79

0.1888*

0.0115

<.0001

−0.0287

0.0448

0.5216

0.1723*

0.0451

0.0001

 80 or more

Ref.

-

-

Ref.

-

-

Ref.

-

-

Insurance

 Self-employed insured

Ref.

-

-

Ref.

-

-

Ref.

-

-

 employee insured

0.0004

0.0062

0.9423

0.0868*

0.0424

0.0406

0.1812*

0.0406

<.0001

 Medicaid

0.0215*

0.0063

0.0006

0.1346*

0.0438

0.0021

0.1915*

0.042

<.0001

Income

 Q1(Low)

−0.0459*

0.0024

<.0001

−0.2681*

0.0225

<.0001

−0.1883*

0.0198

<.0001

 Q2

−0.0407*

0.002

<.0001

−0.2768*

0.0183

<.0001

−0.2068*

0.017

<.0001

 Q3

0.0047*

0.0016

0.0043

−0.185*

0.0167

<.0001

−0.1625*

0.0154

<.0001

 Q4(High)

Ref.

-

-

Ref.

-

-

Ref.

-

-

Region

 Urban

0.0646*

0.0015

<.0001

0.5416*

0.0137

<.0001

0.5124*

0.013

<.0001

 Rural

Ref.

-

-

Ref.

-

-

Ref.

-

-

Type of hospital

 General hospital

−0.0509*

0.0071

<.0001

−0.0013*

0.0385

<.0001

−0.0149*

0.0275

<.0001

 Hospital

−0.0132*

0.0047

<.0001

−0.0062*

0.0284

<.0001

−0.058*

0.0208

<.0001

 Clinic

−0.002*

0.0044

<.0001

0.1791*

0.0245

<.0001

−0.0505*

0.0184

<.0001

 Others

Ref.

-

-

Ref.

-

-

Ref.

-

-

Admission in last month

 Yes

Ref.

-

-

Ref.

-

-

Ref.

-

-

 No

0.0262*

0.0031

<.0001

−0.2025*

0.0257

<.0001

−0.1626*

0.0197

<.0001

Season

 Spring

0.0113*

0.0009

<.0001

0.0046

0.0102

0.654

0.0762*

0.0075

<.0001

 Summer

−0.0801*

0.0011

<.0001

0.0147

0.011

0.181

0.136*

0.008

<.0001

 Fall

−0.0065*

0.0009

<.0001

−0.0495*

0.0106

<.0001

0.0512*

0.0076

<.0001

 Winter

Ref.

-

-

Ref.

-

-

Ref.

-

-

  1. *: p-value < 0.05; All covariates are adjusted
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BMC Health Services Research

ISSN: 1472-6963

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