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Table 3 History of side effects from medications, routine usage of medications/supplements, and ‘excessive threshold’

From: Factors associated with medication amounts considered excessive among university students: a questionnaire survey of pharmacy students and those in non-medical schools

  

Mean (SD)

t value/F value

Effect size

Observed power(1-β)

History of side effects [n (%)]

 

Yes [207 (22.2)]

No [727 (77.8)]

    

Tablets

4.33 (1.85)

4.18 (1.56)

 

1.461

-

-

Types of medications

4.11 (1.34)

3.96 (1.22)

 

1.114

-

-

Routine usage of prescription medicine [n (%)]

 

Yes [163 (17.5)]

No [771 (82.5)]

    

Tablets

4.47 (1.66)

4.16 (1.62)

 

2.198*

d = 0.19

0.60

Types of medications

4.31 (1.25)

3.93 (1.24)

 

3.542***

d = 0.31

0.95

Routine usage of over-the-counter drugs [n (%)]

 

Yes [23 (2.5)]

Only when unwell [608 (65.1)]

No [303 (32.4)]

   

Tablets

4.89 (2.02)

4.2 (1.44)

4.18 (1.93)

0.307

-

-

Types of medications

4.02 (0.91)

4.02 (1.27)

3.95 (1.23)

2.051

-

-

Routine usage of supplements [n (%)]

 

Yes [124 (13.3)]

Only when unwell [125 (13.4)]

No [685 (73.3)]

   

Tablets

4.96 (2.63)a, b

4.17 (1.51)a

4.09 (1.36)b

6.583**

f = 0.18

1

Types of medications

4.22 (1.26)c

4.15 (1.55)

3.93 (1.18)c

3.615*

f = 0.09

0.71

  1. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001; a-cindicates significant differences between parameters (p < 0.05)
  2. a d = 0.37, 1-β = 0.83; b d = 0.54, 1-β = 1.00; c d = 0.24, 1-β = 0.69 (d: effect size for each post-hoc analysis, 1-β: observed power)