Costs of major intracranial, gastrointestinal and other bleeding events in patients with atrial fibrillation – a nationwide cohort study

Table 2 Intracranial haemorrhages – average attributable costs per patient, EUR (2015 prices)

	3-years costs (present value calculated in the incidence year)^a	Annual attributable cost estimates (not discounted)^b
		Year 0 (incidence year)	Year 1 after the bleeding event	Year 2 after the bleeding event
Direct costs
Healthcare	18,061	16,309	2985	−427
Inpatient hospital care	18,078	16,341***	3094***	−557
Outpatient hospital care	−49	132	−192	2
Private practice health prof.	73	−69***	68**	86**
Prescribed medicine	−42	−96***	16	41
Social care services	7524	1546	3313	3345
Home help	3929	419**	1844***	2048***
Nursing home	3595	1127***	1469***	1297***
Indirect costs
Productivity loss	2042	194	624**	1438***
Direct and indirect costs	27,627	18,049	6922	4356

^a3-years costs (present value) are equal to the sum of the costs in year 0 and the discounted value of the costs in years 1 and 2 after the bleeding event
^bT-tests were used to investigate whether the annual attributable cost estimates related to hospital care, visits to GPs and other health professionals in the primary care setting, prescribed medicine, home help, nursing home and productivity loss were significantly different from zero (H₀: μ = 0 against the hypothesis H₁: μ ≠ 0.). Asterisks indicate that the null-hypothesis was rejected (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001)

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