Characteristics of therapeutic alliance in musculoskeletal physiotherapy and occupational therapy practice: a scoping review of the literature

Babatunde, Folarin; MacDermid, Joy; MacIntyre, Norma

doi:10.1186/s12913-017-2311-3

Table 3 Conceptualization of therapeutic alliance

From: Characteristics of therapeutic alliance in musculoskeletal physiotherapy and occupational therapy practice: a scoping review of the literature

Author	Context	Origin	Conceptualization	Description	Therapeutic Alliance Themes
Chan et al., 2009 (10s)	^aWhitlock et al. 5A’s framework of behaviour change	Existing literature on the self-determined motivation and engagement in health-promoting behavior.	^bSelf-determination theory	A. CONNECT	1. Partnership
Chan et al., 2009 (10s)			^bSelf-determination theory	Communication style and exercise compliance in physiotherapy	2. Congruence
Levy et al., 2008 (30s)			^cPhysiotherapist Psychological		3. Communication
Levy et al., 2008 (30s)			^cPhysiotherapist Psychological		4. Personalized therapy
Murray et al., 2015 (33 s)			Support
Murray et al., 2015 (33 s)			Support	B. Ask, Advise, Agree, Assist, Arrange
Chen et al., 1999 (13 s)	^aCompliance and satisfaction with exercise	Existing literature and empirical study on compliance to home exercise in upper extremity rehabilitation	^cModel of Human Occupation	1. Input	1. Communication
			^cModel of Human Occupation	2. Output	2. Connectedness
			^cHealth locus of control	3. Environment	3. Partnership
			^cHealth locus of control	4. The open system	4. Influencing factors
			^cHealth belief model	4. The open system	4. Influencing factors
Gorenberg et al., 2014 (109 s)	^aTherapeutic use of self	Conceptual practice model for occupational therapy focused on understanding therapeutic use of self.	^cThe Intentional Relationship Model	1. Client	1. Connectedness
				2. Interpersonal events	2. Roles and responsibilities
				3. Practitioner	3. Partnership
				4. Occupational engagement	4. Congruence
Harman et al., 2012 (63 s)	^aBuilding blocks of health behavior change	Existing literature on, empirical studies about behaviour change and low back pain rehabilitation	^cTranstheoretical model	1. Need for action	1. Connectedness
				2. Solutions	2. Partnership
				2. Solutions	3. Support
			^cMotivational model of patient self-management	3. Reducing threat	4. Partnership
			^cMotivational model of patient self-management	3. Reducing threat	5. Congruence
Hinman et al., 2015 (65 s)	^cModel of Health Change	Existing literature on motivational interviewing, solution-focused coaching and cognitive behavioural therapy.	^cDimensions of health service delivery	1. Practice principles,	1. Connectedness
				2. Essential techniques	2. Congruence
				3. Step framework	2. Congruence
Hurley et al., 2007 (66 s)	^aUnderstanding of illness	Parallel processing framework with one arm dedicated to cognitive processing of internal and external stimulus and the processing of emotional aspects of that stimulus.	^cLevanthal’s self-regulation model of illness	1. Identity	1. Connectedness
				2. Timeline	2. Partnership
				3. Consequence	3. Influencing factors
				4. Cause
				5. Control and cure
				6. Illness coherence
Jackson et al., 2012 (25 s)	^aTripartite efficacy framework in client-therapist rehabilitation interactions	Existing literature and empirical studies on efficacy beliefs	^cTripartite efficacy model	1. Client-related factors	1. Connectedness
				1. Client-related factors	2. Role and responsibilities
				2. Therapist related factors	2. Role and responsibilities
			^bSelf-efficacy theory; relation-inferred self-efficacy		3. Personalized therapy
					4. Emotional support
					5. Communication
Jensen and Lorish, 1994 (26 s)	^aBehavioral theory- based strategies for enhancing patient treatment cooperation and patient beliefs	Existing literature on compliance, decision-making, cognitive behavioral therapy and the explanatory model of exercise and mailed surveys to PTs	^cProcess Model of collaboration	1. Therapeutic relationship	1. Connectedness
				2. Problem solving
				3. Negotiation
				4. Mutual enquiry
Kidd et al., 2011 (68 s)	^aPatient centred care	Existing literature and empirical studies on patient-centred care	^cBiopsychosocial model	1. Ability to communicate	1. Connectedness
			^cBiopsychosocial model	2. Understanding of people and ability to relate	2. Partnership
			^cPatients perception of a good physiotherapist	2. Understanding of people and ability to relate	2. Partnership
				3. Knowledge and expertise	3. Influencing factors
				4. Confidence	4. Communication
				5. Transparent focus on progress and outcome	5. Role and responsibility
Knight et al., 2010 (29 s)	^aClient Satisfaction	Existing literature on satisfaction, and physiotherapy and empirical study on patient satisfaction.	^cConsumer model	1. Service	1. connectedness
				2. Satisfaction	2. Influencing factors
				3. Dissatisfaction	3. Partnership
				4. Quality	4. Congruence
				5. Reasons for seeking therapy	5. Communication
Neuman et al., 2009 (116 s)	^cEffect model of empathic communication in clinical encounter	Existing literature and hypothesis on clinical empathy	^cModel of empathic understanding and adherence to treatment regimens (nature)	1. Cognitive action oriented effects	1. Communication
Neuman et al., 2009 (116 s)		Existing literature and hypothesis on clinical empathy		2. Affective oriented effects	2. Partnership
Niederman et al., 2011 (34 s)	^aPictorial Representation of Illness and Self Measure	Existing literature on stress, coping strategies and resource utilization	^cHobfil’s resource conservation model	1. Self	1. Activating resources
			^bSocial learning theory	2. Resource	2. Treatment goals
			^bSocial learning theory	3. Separation
			^cSelf management	3. Separation
Norby and Bellner, 1994 (76 s)	^aDimensions of helping	Existing literature and empirical study on basic assumptions of occupational therapy	^cTentative model of the helping encounter	1. Basic Professional-Oriented helping	1. Connectedness
				2. Understanding-Oriented helping	2. Partnership
				3. Action-Oriented helping	3. Roles and responsibilities
Radomski, 2011 (118 s)	^cEcological model for adherence in rehabilitation	Existing literature on adherence and occupational therapy	^cTranstheoretical model of change	1. Person factors	1. Congruence
				2. Provider factors	2. Connectedness
				3. Intervention factors	3. Communication
			^bSelf-determination theory	3. Intervention factors	3. Communication
				4. Technology	4. Influencing factors
				5. Social
				6. Environmental
Schoster et al., 2005 (100 s)	^cInformation	Existing literature and empirical studies on predicting HIV-preventive behaviour	^cInformation-Motivation-Behavioural skills model	1. Exercise information	1. Connectedness
	Motivation and Behavioural model			1. Exercise information	1. Connectedness
				2. Exercise motivation	2. Roles and responsibilities
				3. Exercise behavioural skills	3. Influencing factors.
				4. Barriers	4. Partnership
				5. Exercise behaviour	4. Partnership
Szybek et al., 2000 (121 s)	^cModel of Physiotherapist-patient interactions	Existing literature on Psycho-therapeutic encounters, working alliance, transference and real relationships	^cGelso and Carter model	1. Interactions	1. Partnership
				2. Non-insight oriented therapist	2. Congruence
				3. Insight oriented therapist	2. Congruence
Verkaaik et al., 2010 (123 s)	^aProductive partnership (P2) framework	Existing literature on power distribution in partnerships	^cIndependent living movement model	1. Context	1. Partnership
			^cIndependent living movement model	2. Predicted characteristics
			^cConsumer direction model	3. Autonomy
			^cConsumer direction model	4. Knowledge

^aFrameworks (n = 10), ^bTheories (n = 3), ^cModels (n = 19)

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