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Table 3 Two-part regression model-Incremental effects of healthcare expenditures by sex among adults with diabetes

From: Sex differences in healthcare expenditures among adults with diabetes: evidence from the medical expenditure panel survey, 2002–2011

Variables

Incremental Cost

95% Confidence

Interval

P-value

Out-of-pocket expenses

 Prescription

156

87–225

<0.001***

 Office-Based

53

24–83

<0.001***

 Inpatient

−0.36

−21–20

0.972

 Outpatient

12

1.5–23

0.026*

 ER visit

−3

−8–2

0.285

 Dental

19

−7–46

0.156

 Home healthcare

9

−1–20

0.080

 Others

19

7–30

0.001**

 Pooled

242

134–350

<0.001***

Total direct expenditures

 Prescription

184

50–318

0.007**

 Office-Based

2

−153–158

0.975

 Inpatient

−213

−563–136

0.232

 Outpatient

45

−73–165

0.454

 ER visit

−23

−58–11

0.180

 Dental

25

−17–68

0.245

 Home healthcare

59

2–116

0.041*

 Others

−0.86

−21–20

0.936

 Pooled

232

−300–765

0.392

  1. Reported as dollars in 2014. *Level of significance p < 0.05; ** level of significance p < 0.01; ***level of significance p < 0.001. Reference group: men with diabetes
  2. Primary outcome variables in this regression model are out-of-pocket and total direct expenditures controlling for age, sex, race/ethnicity, marital status, education, health insurance, MSA, census region, income, a number of comorbid conditions (hypertension, CVD, stroke, emphysema, joint pain, arthritis and asthma) and time trend