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Table 4 Logistic Regression Models Predicting Receipt of Recommended Care among Medicare Beneficiaries (2001–2008)

From: Disparities in receipt of recommended care among younger versus older medicare beneficiaries: a cohort study

Variables

Model 1

Model 2 with ADL stages

Model 2 with IADL stages

 

OR (95% CI)

p-value

OR (95% CI)

p-value

OR (95% CI)

p-value

Age (ref: 65–74)

 

<.0001

 

<.0001

 

<.0001

 <65

0.66 (0.62–0.71)

<.0001

0.75 (0.70–0.80)

<.0001

0.75 (0.69–0.80)

<.0001

 ≥75

1.11 (1.07–1.16)

<.0001

1.15 (1.10–1.20)

<.0001

1.15 (1.10–1.20)

<.0001

Gender (ref: female)

 Male

  

0.86 (0.82–0.90)

<.0001

0.86 (0.82–0.90)

<.0001

Race/Ethnicity (ref: Non-Hispanic White)

   

0.005

 

0.005

 Hispanic

  

0.95 (0.87–1.05)

0.337

0.95 (0.86–1.04)

0.277

 Non-Hispanic Black

  

0.88 (0.82–0.95)

0.0004

0.88 (0.82–0.95)

0.0005

 Other

  

0.96 (0.86–1.08)

0.527

0.96 (0.85–1.08)

0.464

Education (ref: high school diploma)

 No high school diploma

  

0.85 (0.81–0.89)

<.0001

0.85 (0.81–0.89)

<.0001

Living Arrangement (ref: live with spouse)

   

<.0001

 

<.0001

 Alone

  

0.88 (0.83–0.92)

<.0001

0.87 (0.83–0.92)

<.0001

 Retirement community

  

0.95 (0.87–1.03)

0.199

0.95 (0.87–1.03)

0.188

 With children

  

0.77 (0.72–0.83)

<.0001

0.77 (0.72–0.83)

<.0001

 With others

  

0.82 (0.75–0.89)

<.0001

0.83 (0.76–0.90)

<.0001

Residential Location (ref: Non-Metropolitan location)

 Metropolitan location

  

1.14 (1.09–1.18)

<.0001

1.13 (1.08–1.18)

<.0001

Dual Enrollment in Medicare and Medicaid (ref: Medicare only)

 Dual enrollment

  

1.06 (1.00–1.13)

0.056

1.06 (1.00–1.13)

0.072

Proxy Response (ref: no)

 Proxy

  

0.87 (0.81–0.93)

<.0001

0.90 (0.84–0.96)

0.003

Conditions (ref: no)

 Vision impairment

  

1.01 (0.94–1.09)

0.731

1.02 (0.94–1.10)

0.694

 Hearing impairment

  

0.95 (0.88–1.02)

0.162

0.96 (0.89–1.03)

0.242

 Cognitive, developmental, and psychiatric disorders*

  

0.89 (0.83–0.94)

<.0001

0.90 (0.84–0.96)

<.0001

Sum of comorbidities**

  

1.12 (1.11–1.14)

<.0001

1.12 (1.10–1.13)

0.001

Stage (ref: Stage 0)

   

<.0001

 

<.0001

 Stage I

  

0.92 (0.88–0.97)

0.003

0.99 (0.94–1.05)

0.763

 Stage II

  

0.87 (0.81–0.93)

<.0001

0.89 (0.84–0.96)

0.001

 Stage III

  

0.80 (0.74–0.87)

<.0001

0.87 (0.81–0.93)

<.0001

 Stage IV

  

0.64 (0.54–0.76)

<.0001

0.69 (0.61–0.78)

<.0001

  1. Note: Ref=reference category. For a variable that has more than two categories, a total p value of the variable is reported
  2. Model 1 is adjusted only for age group; model 2’s are further adjusted for sociodemographics, health and clinical characteristics and ADL stages and IADL stages separately
  3. * Cognitive, developmental, and psychiatric disorders include: mental retardation, Alzheimer's/dementia, and mental/psychiatric disorder
  4. ** Sum of comorbidities include: hypertension, myocardial infarction, angina/chronic heart disease, other heart disease, stroke, diabetes mellitus, Parkinson's disease, emphysema/asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, rheumatoid arthritis, non-rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis/soft bones, and other (non-skin) cancer