Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 with ADL stages | Model 2 with IADL stages | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value |
Age (ref: 65–74) |  | <.0001 |  | <.0001 |  | <.0001 |
 <65 | 0.66 (0.62–0.71) | <.0001 | 0.75 (0.70–0.80) | <.0001 | 0.75 (0.69–0.80) | <.0001 |
 ≥75 | 1.11 (1.07–1.16) | <.0001 | 1.15 (1.10–1.20) | <.0001 | 1.15 (1.10–1.20) | <.0001 |
Gender (ref: female) | ||||||
 Male |  |  | 0.86 (0.82–0.90) | <.0001 | 0.86 (0.82–0.90) | <.0001 |
Race/Ethnicity (ref: Non-Hispanic White) | Â | Â | Â | 0.005 | Â | 0.005 |
 Hispanic |  |  | 0.95 (0.87–1.05) | 0.337 | 0.95 (0.86–1.04) | 0.277 |
 Non-Hispanic Black |  |  | 0.88 (0.82–0.95) | 0.0004 | 0.88 (0.82–0.95) | 0.0005 |
 Other |  |  | 0.96 (0.86–1.08) | 0.527 | 0.96 (0.85–1.08) | 0.464 |
Education (ref: high school diploma) | ||||||
 No high school diploma |  |  | 0.85 (0.81–0.89) | <.0001 | 0.85 (0.81–0.89) | <.0001 |
Living Arrangement (ref: live with spouse) | Â | Â | Â | <.0001 | Â | <.0001 |
 Alone |  |  | 0.88 (0.83–0.92) | <.0001 | 0.87 (0.83–0.92) | <.0001 |
 Retirement community |  |  | 0.95 (0.87–1.03) | 0.199 | 0.95 (0.87–1.03) | 0.188 |
 With children |  |  | 0.77 (0.72–0.83) | <.0001 | 0.77 (0.72–0.83) | <.0001 |
 With others |  |  | 0.82 (0.75–0.89) | <.0001 | 0.83 (0.76–0.90) | <.0001 |
Residential Location (ref: Non-Metropolitan location) | ||||||
 Metropolitan location |  |  | 1.14 (1.09–1.18) | <.0001 | 1.13 (1.08–1.18) | <.0001 |
Dual Enrollment in Medicare and Medicaid (ref: Medicare only) | ||||||
 Dual enrollment |  |  | 1.06 (1.00–1.13) | 0.056 | 1.06 (1.00–1.13) | 0.072 |
Proxy Response (ref: no) | ||||||
 Proxy |  |  | 0.87 (0.81–0.93) | <.0001 | 0.90 (0.84–0.96) | 0.003 |
Conditions (ref: no) | ||||||
 Vision impairment |  |  | 1.01 (0.94–1.09) | 0.731 | 1.02 (0.94–1.10) | 0.694 |
 Hearing impairment |  |  | 0.95 (0.88–1.02) | 0.162 | 0.96 (0.89–1.03) | 0.242 |
 Cognitive, developmental, and psychiatric disorders* |  |  | 0.89 (0.83–0.94) | <.0001 | 0.90 (0.84–0.96) | <.0001 |
Sum of comorbidities** |  |  | 1.12 (1.11–1.14) | <.0001 | 1.12 (1.10–1.13) | 0.001 |
Stage (ref: Stage 0) | Â | Â | Â | <.0001 | Â | <.0001 |
 Stage I |  |  | 0.92 (0.88–0.97) | 0.003 | 0.99 (0.94–1.05) | 0.763 |
 Stage II |  |  | 0.87 (0.81–0.93) | <.0001 | 0.89 (0.84–0.96) | 0.001 |
 Stage III |  |  | 0.80 (0.74–0.87) | <.0001 | 0.87 (0.81–0.93) | <.0001 |
 Stage IV |  |  | 0.64 (0.54–0.76) | <.0001 | 0.69 (0.61–0.78) | <.0001 |