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Table 3 Multilevel model results for 30-day mortality: random effect measures and adjusted odds ratios (95% CIs) for individual-level and hospital-level variables

From: Variation in readmission and mortality following hospitalisation with a diagnosis of heart failure: prospective cohort study using linked data

Model

1

2

3

4

5

Random effects

 Hospital variance

0

0

0

0

0

  ICC

0

0

0

0

0

Fixed effects

Odds ratios

Sociodemographic

 Age (years, at index admission)

  45– < 75

 

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

  75– < 85

 

1.99 (1.24,3.20)

1.97 (1.22,3.16)

2.07 (1.26,3.40)

2.04 (1.24,3.35)

   ≥ 85

 

3.33 (2.09,5.30)

3.23 (2.00,5.20)

3.30 (1.97,5.52)

3.23 (1.93,5.41)

 Sex

  Male

 

1.36 (1.00,1.84)

1.34 (0.96,1.85)

1.36 (0.96,1.93)

1.36 (0.96,1.93)

  Female

 

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Marital status

  Married

  

1.02 (0.74,1.40)

1.06 (0.77,1.47)

1.06 (0.77,1.47)

  Not married

  

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Region of residence

  Major cities

  

1.00

1.00

1.00

  Regional

  

1.01 (0.72,1.41)

1.06 (0.75,1.50)

1.03 (0.72,1.46)

  Remote

  

0.85 (0.55,1.31)

0.90 (0.58,1.40)

0.83 (0.51,1.38)

 Education

  No school certificate

  

1.00

1.00

1.00

  School/trade/certificate/diploma

  

0.90 (0.62,1.31)

0.91 (0.62,1.32)

0.91 (0.62,1.32)

  Tertiary degree

  

1.18 (0.69,2.01)

1.15 (0.67,1.98)

1.16 (0.67,1.99)

 Private health insurance

  Yes

  

1.05 (0.77,1.43)

1.10 (0.80,1.51)

1.12 (0.80,1.56)

  No

  

1.00

1.00

1.00

Baseline health (self-reported)

 Duke Social Support Index

   

0.97 (0.88,1.07)

0.97 (0.88,1.07)

 BMI

  Underweight

   

1.68 (0.80,3.52)

1.63 (0.77,3.42)

  Normal

   

1.00

1.00

  Overweight

   

0.90 (0.62,1.30)

0.90 (0.62,1.31)

  Obese

   

0.62 (0.38,1.02)

0.61 (0.37,1.01)

 Smoking status

  Current smoker

   

1.00

1.00

  Ex-smoker

   

0.50 (0.27,0.94)

0.49 (0.27,0.92)

  Never smoker

   

0.58 (0.31,1.09)

0.57 (0.31,1.07)

Hospitalisation history (APDC, prior 6 years)

 Previous CVD

  Yes

   

0.73 (0.43,1.22)

0.74 (0.44,1.24)

  No

   

1.00

1.00

 Previous heart failure

  Yes

   

1.23 (0.85,1.77)

1.22 (0.84,1.76)

  No

   

1.00

1.00

 Previous renal disease

  Yes

   

0.73 (0.44,1.21)

0.73 (0.44,1.21)

  No

   

1.00

1.00

 Previous anaemia

  Yes

   

1.17 (0.80,1.72)

1.18 (0.81,1.72)

  No

   

1.00

1.00

 Previous dementia

  Yes

   

1.31 (0.50,3.40)

1.30 (0.50,3.36)

  No

   

1.00

1.00

Index admission characteristics

 Primary diagnosis

  Yes

   

0.52 (0.36,0.73)

0.51 (0.36,0.72)

  No

   

1.00

1.00

 Current comorbidity (Charlson Index)

  None

   

1.00

1.00

  Mild-moderate

   

1.42 (0.99,2.02)

1.42 (0.99,2.02)

  Severe

   

2.64 (1.80,3.88)

2.68 (1.82,3.94)

Hospital characteristics

 Hospital peer group

  Principal referral

    

1.00

  Major city

    

1.32 (0.84,2.08)

  District

    

1.26 (0.76,2.08)

  Community

    

1.11 (0.56,2.22)

  Private

    

0.96 (0.59,1.55)

  Others

    

0.61 (0.24,1.56)

 Heart failure service

  Yes

    

0.90 (0.62,1.29)

  No

    

1.00

  1. ICC intraclass correlation coefficient