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Table 2 Logistic regression on providers of antenatal care services

From: Providers of antenatal care services in Ghana: evidence from Ghana demographic and health surveys 1988–2014

Variable

Doctors

Nurses

TBA

No one

Odds ratio (confidence interval)

Odds ratio (confidence interval)

Odds ratio (confidence interval)

Odds ratio (confidence interval)

Age

 15–19

0.90 (0.72–1.14)

0.83 (0.65–1.05)

0.63 (0.28–1.43)

1.19 (0.82–1.76)

 20–24

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 25–29

1.18** (1.03–1.36)

1.01 (0.87–1.18)

0.93 (0.61–1.45)

0.73** (0.58–0.93)

 30–34

1.49*** (1.26–1.75)

1.01 (0.85–1.21)

0.76 (0.43–1.32)

0.61** (0.46–0.81)

 35–39

1.54*** (1.29–1.87)

1.08 (0.89–1.32)

1.02 (0.56–1.84)

0.51*** (0.37–0.69)

 40–44

1.45** (1.15–1.81)

0.93 (0.74–1.16)

1.39 (0.73–2.63)

0.65** (0.47–0.91)

 45–49

1.41** (1.03–1.93)

0.93 (0.70–1.23)

1.63 (0.77–3.43)

0.64** (0.43–0.96)

Ecological Zone

 Coastal zone

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Forest zone

0.97 (0.88–1.08)

1.37*** (1.22–1.54)

1.71** (1.18–2.49)

0.66*** (0.54–0.82)

 Savannah zone

0.47*** (0.39–0.561)

1.22** (1.03–1.45)

2.68** (1.51–4.74)

1.14 (0.88–1.47)

Ethnicity

 Akan

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Ga/Dangme

1.26** (1.06–1.50)

0.65*** (0.54–0.78)

2.10** (1.28–3.46)

0.92 (0.62–1.36)

 Ewe

1.01 (0.88–1.15)

0.92 (0.79–1.08)

1.01 (0.61–1.69)

1.51** (1.18–1.94)

 Northern ethnic group

0.89 (0.76–1.03)

0.97 (0.83–1.15)

0.71 (0.42–1.21)

1.13 (0.88–1.46)

 Other

0.82 (0.62–1.07)

0.88 (0.68–1.13)

0.80 (0.35–1.83)

1.52 ** (1.06–2.17)

Education

 No education

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Primary

1.48*** (1.30–1.68)

1.5*** (1.33–1.72)

1.12 (0.78–3.46)

0.45*** (0.37–0.54)

 Secondary

1.55*** (1.30–1.68)

2.00*** (1.73–2.27)

0.51** (0.33–0.79)

0.15*** (0.11–0.20)

 Higher

2.40*** (1.82–3.16)

1.41** (1.02–1.96)

1

1

Occupation

 Not working

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Working

1.10 (0.96–1.24)

1.09 (0.96–1.25)

1.18 (0.78–1.80)

0.78** (0.64–0.96)

Marital status

 Single

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Married

1.20** (1.04–1.38)

1.04 (0.89–1.22)

1.47 (0.83–2.60)

0.56*** (0.44–0.70)

 Cohabitation

0.87 (0.74–1.03)

1.15 (0.96–1.39)

2.40** (1.31–4.43)

0.73** (0.55–0.97)

Wealth status

 Poorest

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Poorer

1.09 (0.94–1.28)

0.94 (0.82–1.22)

1.08 (0.70–1.68)

1.36** (1.11–1.66)

 Middle

1.26** (1.09–1.28)

0.88* (0.76–1.02)

1.65** (1.06–2.55)

1.33** (1.06–1.67)

 Richer

1.31** (1.12–1.53)

0.78** (0.67–0.91)

2.49*** (1.64–3.76)

1.85*** (1.49–2.31)

 Richest

1.88*** (1.60–2.21)

0.51*** (0.43–0.59)

2.59*** (1.65–4.05)

2.20*** (1.75–2.79)

Residence

 Urban

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Rural

0.59*** (0.53–0.65)

0.79*** (0.71–0.89)

2.81*** (1.89–4.19)

3.51*** (1.59–3.43)

Parity

 One birth

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Two births

0.89 (0.78–1.03)

0.80** (0.68–0.94)

1.02 (0.64–1.63)

1.57** (1.19–2.08)

 Three births

0.82** (0.70–0.96)

0.86* (0.72–1.03)

0.67 (0.38–1.19)

1.77*** (1.30–2.42)

 Four births or more

0.60*** (0.51–0.71)

0.82** (0.68–0.99)

0.89 (0.51–1.56)

2.41*** (1.75–3.31)

Survey wave year

 1988

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 1993

0.93 (0.81–1.05)

2.36*** (2.08–2.68)

0.02*** (0.02–0.03)

1.01 (0.84–1.19)

 1998

0.84 ** (0.74–0.95)

2.74*** (2.43–3.10)

0.03*** (0.03–0.04)

0.84* (0.71–1.00)

 2003

0.55*** (0.48–0.63)

4.21*** (3.71–4.78)

0.01*** (0.01–0.01)

0.57*** (0.47–0.68)

 2008

0.70*** (0.62–0.80)

3.44*** (3.02–3.92)

0.01*** (0.01–0.02)

0.27*** (0.21–0.35)

 2014

0.53*** (0.47–0.59)

8.05*** (7.08–9.15)

0.001*** (0.001–0.002)

0.21*** (0.17–0.26)

  1. Source: computed from GDHS 1988, 1993, 1998, 2003, 2008 and 2014
  2. Ref reference, OR Odds ratio *p < 0.10 **p < 0.05 ***p < 0.001