Variables | Odds ratio | 95 % CI | p value |
---|---|---|---|
Primary independent variables | |||
Northeast (ref) | – | – | – |
Midwest | 0.77 | 0.47–1.24 | 0.284 |
South | 0.68 | 0.46–1.0 | 0.051 |
West | 0.64 | 0.40–1.02 | 0.064 |
Covariates | |||
Age | |||
Age 18–44 (ref) | – | – | – |
Age 45–64 | 1.21 | 0.83–1.76 | 0.310 |
Age 65–85 | 2.6*** | 1.65–4.06 | <0.001 |
Gender | |||
Female | 0.85 | 0.64–1.13 | 0.278 |
Race/ethnicity | |||
Non-Hispanic White (ref) | – | – | – |
Non-Hispanic Black | 1.13 | 0.80–1.61 | 0.463 |
Hispanic | 1.5* | 1.0–2.18 | 0.049 |
Others | 0.97 | 0.51–1.82 | 0.934 |
Marital Status | |||
Married (ref) | – | – | – |
Not married a | 0.57** | 0.39–0.82 | 0.003 |
Never married | 0.84 | 0.54–1.29 | 0.436 |
Education | |||
< High school (ref) | – | – | – |
High school | 1.26 | 0.87–1.81 | 0.209 |
College or more | 1.43 | 0.98–2.09 | 0.059 |
Insurance Status | |||
Private (ref) | – | – | – |
Public insured | 0.77 | 0.53–1.11 | 0.164 |
Uninsured | 0.36*** | 0.23–0.56 | <0.001 |
MSA status | |||
MSA | 0.95 | 0.66–1.36 | 0.807 |
Poverty Category | |||
Poor/NEA (ref) | – | – | – |
Low Income | 1.14 | 0.75–1.72 | 0.519 |
Middle Income | 1.14 | 0.77–1.70 | 0.500 |
High Income | 1.22 | 0.75–1.96 | 0.408 |
Chronic Conditions b | |||
Diabetes | 0.67* | 0.50–0.91 | 0.011 |
Hypertension | 0.72 | 0.51–1.0 | 0.051 |
CVD | 0.80 | 0.57–1.13 | 0.214 |
Stroke | 1.06 | 0.70–1.61 | 0.763 |
Emphysema | 0.88 | 0.47–1.65 | 0.705 |
Joint Pain | 0.55*** | 0.39–0.76 | <0.001 |
Arthritis | 1.05 | 0.75–1.45 | 0.759 |
Asthma | 0.51** | 0.35–0.75 | 0.001 |
Year | |||
Year 2002/03 (ref) | – | – | – |
Year 2004/05 | 1.30 | 0.87–1.94 | 0.193 |
Year 2006/07 | 1.65* | 1.08–2.52 | 0.019 |
Year 2008/09 | 2.02** | 1.32–3.10 | 0.001 |
Year 2010/11 | 1.50 | 0.96–2.35 | 0.074 |