|
Variables
|
Odds ratio
|
95 % CI
|
p value
|
|---|
|
Primary independent variables
|
|
Northeast (ref)
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
|
Midwest
|
0.77
|
0.47–1.24
|
0.284
|
|
South
|
0.68
|
0.46–1.0
|
0.051
|
|
West
|
0.64
|
0.40–1.02
|
0.064
|
|
Covariates
|
|
Age
| | | |
|
Age 18–44 (ref)
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
|
Age 45–64
|
1.21
|
0.83–1.76
|
0.310
|
|
Age 65–85
|
2.6***
|
1.65–4.06
|
<0.001
|
|
Gender
| | | |
|
Female
|
0.85
|
0.64–1.13
|
0.278
|
|
Race/ethnicity
| | | |
|
Non-Hispanic White (ref)
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
|
Non-Hispanic Black
|
1.13
|
0.80–1.61
|
0.463
|
|
Hispanic
|
1.5*
|
1.0–2.18
|
0.049
|
|
Others
|
0.97
|
0.51–1.82
|
0.934
|
|
Marital Status
| | | |
|
Married (ref)
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
|
Not married a
|
0.57**
|
0.39–0.82
|
0.003
|
|
Never married
|
0.84
|
0.54–1.29
|
0.436
|
|
Education
| | | |
|
< High school (ref)
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
|
High school
|
1.26
|
0.87–1.81
|
0.209
|
|
College or more
|
1.43
|
0.98–2.09
|
0.059
|
|
Insurance Status
| | | |
|
Private (ref)
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
|
Public insured
|
0.77
|
0.53–1.11
|
0.164
|
|
Uninsured
|
0.36***
|
0.23–0.56
|
<0.001
|
|
MSA status
| | | |
|
MSA
|
0.95
|
0.66–1.36
|
0.807
|
|
Poverty Category
| | | |
|
Poor/NEA (ref)
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
|
Low Income
|
1.14
|
0.75–1.72
|
0.519
|
|
Middle Income
|
1.14
|
0.77–1.70
|
0.500
|
|
High Income
|
1.22
|
0.75–1.96
|
0.408
|
|
Chronic Conditions b
| | | |
|
Diabetes
|
0.67*
|
0.50–0.91
|
0.011
|
|
Hypertension
|
0.72
|
0.51–1.0
|
0.051
|
|
CVD
|
0.80
|
0.57–1.13
|
0.214
|
|
Stroke
|
1.06
|
0.70–1.61
|
0.763
|
|
Emphysema
|
0.88
|
0.47–1.65
|
0.705
|
|
Joint Pain
|
0.55***
|
0.39–0.76
|
<0.001
|
|
Arthritis
|
1.05
|
0.75–1.45
|
0.759
|
|
Asthma
|
0.51**
|
0.35–0.75
|
0.001
|
|
Year
| | | |
|
Year 2002/03 (ref)
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
|
Year 2004/05
|
1.30
|
0.87–1.94
|
0.193
|
|
Year 2006/07
|
1.65*
|
1.08–2.52
|
0.019
|
|
Year 2008/09
|
2.02**
|
1.32–3.10
|
0.001
|
|
Year 2010/11
|
1.50
|
0.96–2.35
|
0.074
|
- *Level of significance p < 0.05; **level of significance p < 0.01, ***level of significance p < 0.001
- aNon-married stands for widowed/divorced and separated
- bReference for each chronic conditions was not having that specific condition
