Variables | Odds ratio | 95 % CI | p value |
---|---|---|---|
Primary independent variables | |||
Northeast (ref) | – | – | – |
Midwest | 0.60** | 0.40–0.88 | 0.009 |
South | 0.62** | 0.44–0.88 | 0.008 |
West | 0.50*** | 0.34–0.72 | <0.001 |
Covariates | |||
Age | |||
Age 18–44 (ref) | – | – | – |
Age 45–64 | 1.80*** | 1.39–2.32 | <0.001 |
Age 65–85 | 2.70*** | 1.91–3.82 | <0.001 |
Gender | |||
Female | 1.22* | 1.0–1.48 | 0.048 |
Race/ethnicity | |||
Non-Hispanic White (ref) | – | – | – |
Non-Hispanic Black | 1.10 | 0.78–1.54 | 0.578 |
Hispanic | 0.99 | 0.72–1.36 | 0.975 |
Others | 0.55** | 0.35–0.85 | 0.009 |
Marital Status | |||
Married (ref) | – | – | – |
Not married a | 0.65** | 0.50–0.85 | 0.002 |
Never married | 0.62** | 0.47–0.83 | 0.001 |
Education | |||
< High school (ref) | – | – | – |
High school | 0.95 | 0.72–1.26 | 0.769 |
College or more | 0.91 | 0.68–1.21 | 0.542 |
Insurance Status | |||
Private (ref) | – | – | – |
Public insured | 1.04 | 0.79–1.37 | 0.754 |
Uninsured | 0.22*** | 0.16–0.30 | <0.001 |
MSA status | |||
MSA | 1.0 | 0.76–1.33 | 0.945 |
Poverty Category | |||
Poor/NEA (ref) | – | – | – |
Low Income | 1.11 | 0.78–1.56 | 0.547 |
Middle Income | 1.25 | 0.93–1.68 | 0.124 |
High Income | 1.46* | 1.05–2.03 | 0.024 |
Chronic Conditions b | |||
Diabetes | 1.0 | 0.74–1.34 | 0.749 |
Hypertension | 1.52*** | 1.20–1.93 | <0.001 |
CVD | 1.08 | 0.85–1.38 | 0.510 |
Stroke | 0.88 | 0.59–0.94 | 0.437 |
Emphysema | 0.70 | 0.39–1.26 | 0.241 |
Joint Pain | 0.75* | 0.59–0.94 | 0.014 |
Arthritis | 1.19 | 0.92–1.54 | 0.166 |
Asthma | 0.92 | 0.67–1.26 | 0.626 |
Year | |||
Year 2002/03 (ref) | – | – | – |
Year 2004/05 | 0.99 | 0.70–1.40 | 0.975 |
Year 2006/07 | 0.93 | 0.66–1.32 | 0.715 |
Year 2008/09 | 0.95 | 0.68–1.31 | 0.770 |
Year 2010/11 | 0.88 | 0.63–1.24 | 0.491 |