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Table 2 Correlates of poor treatment by health care provider among Indian Americans in the United States (n = 1,824)

From: Perceived discrimination and health outcomes among Asian Indians in the United States

 

No. received poor treatment/No. in category (na = 132/1,824)

Bivariateb OR (95 % CI)

Adjustedc OR (95 % CI)

Self-rated health

 Excellent/very good/good

99/1,574

6.3 %

Reference

Reference

 Fair/Poor

33/250

13.3 %

2.29***

(1.48–3.54)

1.88*

(1.12–3.14)

Sex

 Male

73/1,103

6.6 %

Reference

Reference

 Female

59/721

8.2 %

1.26

(0.86–1.86)

1.36

(0.89–2.08)

Age

 18–34

31/421

7.4 %

Reference

Reference

 35–44

31/460

6.7 %

0.90

(0.52–1.59)

0.51****

(0.26–1.00)

 45–54

26/417

6.1 %

0.82

(0.45–1.49)

0.32**

(0.15–0.69)

  ≥ 55

45/526

8.5 %

1.16

(0.66–2.03)

0.39*

(0.17–0.91)

Annual household income

  < $25,000

13/229

5.6 %

Reference

Reference

 $25,000–$74,999

51/550

9.3 %

1.76

(0.82–3.79)

1.33

(0.59–2.97)

 $75,000–$99,999

27/389

6.8 %

1.25

(0.54–2.87)

0.90

(0.36–2.23)

  ≥ $100,000****

41/656

6.3 %

1.15

(0.54–2.46)

0.73

(0.31–1.69)

Education

  ≤ High school graduate

6/172

3.5 %

Reference

Reference

 College graduate

82/975

8.4 %

2.63

(0.81–8.50)

2.44

(0.79–7.52)

  > College

44/676

6.6 %

2.02

(0.64–6.41)

1.94

(0.62–6.02)

Marital status

 Married

118/1,632

7.3 %

Reference

Reference

 Formerly Married

6/83

6.9 %

0.89

(0.27–2.97)

0.66

(0.18–2.42)

 Never Married

8/109

7.2 %

1.00

(0.46–2.14)

0.91

(0.38–2.14)

Have health insurance

 No

17/261

6.3 %

Reference

Reference

 Yes

116/1,563

7.4 %

1.19

(0.64–2.21)

0.88

(0.43–1.79)

Body mass indexd

 Underweight/normal

70/1,015

6.9 %

Reference

Reference

 Overweight

47/666

7.1 %

1.03

(0.67–1.57)

0.93

(0.59–1.48)

 Obese

15/143

10.3 %

1.52

(0.73–3.17)

0.94

(0.43–2.07)

Current tobacco user

 No

124/1,709

7.2 %

Reference

Reference

 Yes

8/115

7.3 %

1.01

(0.48–2.14)

0.97

(0.43–2.20)

Years lived in U.S.

  < 10 years

26/628

4.1 %

Reference

Reference

  ≥ 10 years

106/1196

8.9 %

2.30**

(1.42–3.74)

3.28***

(1.73–6.22)

English proficiency

 Very/Pretty well

124/1,635

7.6 %

Reference

Reference

 Not too well/Not at all

8/189

4.1 %

2.07

(0.52–7.26)

1.61

(0.39–6.57)

Chronic illness

Mean

SD

    
 

1.6

1.5

1.38***

(1.20–1.57)

1.39***

(1.17–1.64)

  1. Abbreviations: No. denotes number, OR denotes odds ratios, CI denotes confidence interval, SD denotes standard deviation
  2. Notes: aN was calculated based on the estimated proportion. bBivariate ORs reflect the association between Fair/Poor vs. good/very good/excellent and each of the covariates separately. cAdjusted ORs reflect the association between Fair/Poor vs. good/very good/excellent, adjusting for all of the other variables. dUnderweight/normal (<24.9 kg/m2); Overweight (25.00–29.9 kg//m2) Obese (≥30 kg/m2). P-values: **** p < 0.10, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001