From: Perceived discrimination and health outcomes among Asian Indians in the United States
 | No. received poor treatment/No. in category (na = 132/1,824) | Bivariateb OR (95 % CI) | Adjustedc OR (95 % CI) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Self-rated health | ||||||
 Excellent/very good/good | 99/1,574 | 6.3 % | Reference | Reference | ||
 Fair/Poor | 33/250 | 13.3 % | 2.29*** | (1.48–3.54) | 1.88* | (1.12–3.14) |
Sex | ||||||
 Male | 73/1,103 | 6.6 % | Reference | Reference | ||
 Female | 59/721 | 8.2 % | 1.26 | (0.86–1.86) | 1.36 | (0.89–2.08) |
Age | ||||||
 18–34 | 31/421 | 7.4 % | Reference | Reference | ||
 35–44 | 31/460 | 6.7 % | 0.90 | (0.52–1.59) | 0.51**** | (0.26–1.00) |
 45–54 | 26/417 | 6.1 % | 0.82 | (0.45–1.49) | 0.32** | (0.15–0.69) |
  ≥ 55 | 45/526 | 8.5 % | 1.16 | (0.66–2.03) | 0.39* | (0.17–0.91) |
Annual household income | ||||||
  < $25,000 | 13/229 | 5.6 % | Reference | Reference | ||
 $25,000–$74,999 | 51/550 | 9.3 % | 1.76 | (0.82–3.79) | 1.33 | (0.59–2.97) |
 $75,000–$99,999 | 27/389 | 6.8 % | 1.25 | (0.54–2.87) | 0.90 | (0.36–2.23) |
  ≥ $100,000**** | 41/656 | 6.3 % | 1.15 | (0.54–2.46) | 0.73 | (0.31–1.69) |
Education | ||||||
  ≤ High school graduate | 6/172 | 3.5 % | Reference | Reference | ||
 College graduate | 82/975 | 8.4 % | 2.63 | (0.81–8.50) | 2.44 | (0.79–7.52) |
  > College | 44/676 | 6.6 % | 2.02 | (0.64–6.41) | 1.94 | (0.62–6.02) |
Marital status | ||||||
 Married | 118/1,632 | 7.3 % | Reference | Reference | ||
 Formerly Married | 6/83 | 6.9 % | 0.89 | (0.27–2.97) | 0.66 | (0.18–2.42) |
 Never Married | 8/109 | 7.2 % | 1.00 | (0.46–2.14) | 0.91 | (0.38–2.14) |
Have health insurance | ||||||
 No | 17/261 | 6.3 % | Reference | Reference | ||
 Yes | 116/1,563 | 7.4 % | 1.19 | (0.64–2.21) | 0.88 | (0.43–1.79) |
Body mass indexd | ||||||
 Underweight/normal | 70/1,015 | 6.9 % | Reference | Reference | ||
 Overweight | 47/666 | 7.1 % | 1.03 | (0.67–1.57) | 0.93 | (0.59–1.48) |
 Obese | 15/143 | 10.3 % | 1.52 | (0.73–3.17) | 0.94 | (0.43–2.07) |
Current tobacco user | ||||||
 No | 124/1,709 | 7.2 % | Reference | Reference | ||
 Yes | 8/115 | 7.3 % | 1.01 | (0.48–2.14) | 0.97 | (0.43–2.20) |
Years lived in U.S. | ||||||
  < 10 years | 26/628 | 4.1 % | Reference | Reference | ||
  ≥ 10 years | 106/1196 | 8.9 % | 2.30** | (1.42–3.74) | 3.28*** | (1.73–6.22) |
English proficiency | ||||||
 Very/Pretty well | 124/1,635 | 7.6 % | Reference | Reference | ||
 Not too well/Not at all | 8/189 | 4.1 % | 2.07 | (0.52–7.26) | 1.61 | (0.39–6.57) |
Chronic illness | Mean | SD | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.38*** | (1.20–1.57) | 1.39*** | (1.17–1.64) |