Table 3 Factors influencing high hospital charges (>50,000 baht/1470 USD) among hospitalized, Thai, adult, CKD patients

 Female

126,027

8490 (6.7)

1

<0.001

1

<0.001

 Male

110,412

9662 (8.8)

1.31 (1.27–1.36)

1.16 (1.12–1.20)

 19–30

4376

405 (9.3)

1

1

 31–40

8392

715 (8.5)

0.92 (0.80–1.06)

0.24

1.03 (0.88–1.20)

0.70

 41–50

22,172

1682 (7.6)

0.81 (0.72–0.92)

0.001

1.08 (0.94–1.24)

0.26

 51–60

46,571

3408 (7.3)

0.77 (0.68–0.86)

<0.001

1.05 (0.92–1.20)

0.49

 61–70

62,672

4324 (6.9)

0.72 (0.64–0.81)

<0.001

1.01 (0.89–1.16)

0.85

 71–80

64,288

5065 (7.9)

0.82 (0.72–0.92)

0.001

1.02 (0.89–1.16)

0.82

  > 80

27,968

2553 (9.1)

0.95 (0.84–1.07)

0.40

1.01 (0.88–1.17)

0.85

 CSMBS

42,348

6923 (16.4)

1

1

 SHI

8930

1441 (16.1)

0.99 (0.93–1.06)

0.85

0.45 (0.41–0.49)

<0.001

 UCS

185,161

9788 (5.3)

0.29 (0.28–0.30)

<0.001

0.38 (0.36–0.39)

<0.001

 Community

102,251

977 (1.0)

1

1

 General

56,525

4049 (7.2)

7.54 (7.03–8.10)

<0.001

3.58 (3.32–3.87)

<0.001

 Tertiary

66,150

10,974 (16.6)

19.36 (18.11–20.70)

<0.001

7.17 (6.67–7.70)

<0.001

 Private

11,513

2152 (18.7)

23.09 (21.28–25.05)

<0.001

13.82 (12.58–15.19)

<0.001

 Northern

48,110

2645 (5.5)

1

1

 Northeast

104,067

3703 (3.6)

0.63 (0.60–0.66)

<0.001

0.74 (0.70–0.78)

<0.001

 Central

64,962

10,360 (16.0)

3.23 (3.08–3.39)

<0.001

1.83 (1.74–1.94)

<0.001

 Southern

19,300

1444 (7.5)

1.36 (1.27–1.46)

<0.001

1.21 (1.12–1.31)

<0.001

 Hypertension (yes/no)

125,565/110,874

11,037 (8.8)/7115 (6.4)

1.38 (1.34–1.42)

<0.001

1.00 (0.96–1.04)

0.96

 Diabetes mellitus (yes/no)

101,664/134,775

8775 (8.6)/9377 (7.0)

1.27 (1.23–1.31)

<0.001

1.12 (1.08–1.17)

<0.001

 Hyperlipidemia (yes/no)

31,229/205,210

3449 (11.0)/14,703 (7.2)

1.51 (1.45–1.57)

<0.001

1.06 (1.01–1.12)

0.016

 Ischemic heart disease (yes/no)

29,272/207,167

4406 (15.1)/13,746 (6.6)

2.42 (2.33–2.51)

<0.001

1.75 (1.67–1.84)

<0.001

 Heart failure (yes/no)

24,915/211,524

2679 (10.8)/15,473 (7.3)

1.53 (1.46–1.60)

<0.001

1.11 (1.05–1.17)

<0.001

 Gout (yes/no)

19,640/216,799

1407 (7.2)/16,745 (7.7)

0.92 (0.87–0.98)

0.005

0.99 (0.93–1.06)

0.76

 Sepsis (yes/no)

18,528/217,911

4586 (24.8)/13,566 (6.2)

4.62 (4.44–4.79)

<0.001

2.75 (2.62–2.88)

<0.001

 Pneumonia (yes/no)

14,732/221,707

4004 (27.2)/14,148 (6.4)

5.18 (4.98–5.40)

<0.001

3.27 (3.10–3.45)

<0.001

 Acute renal failure (yes/no)

12,133/224,306

3351 (27.6)/14,801 (6.6)

5.09 (4.88–5.31)

<0.001

2.35 (2.23–2.48)

<0.001

 Diarrhea (yes/no)

12,085/224,354

774 (6.4)/17,378 (7.75)

0.82 (0.76–0.88)

<0.001

0.98 (0.90–1.07)

0.69

 Stroke (yes/no)

11,886/224,553

2313 (19.5)/15,839 (7.1)

2.97 (2.83–3.12)

<0.001

1.82 (1.72–1.94)

<0.001

 Respiratory failure (yes/no)

11,347/225,092

3080 (27.1)/15,072 (6.7)

5.02 (4.80–5.25)

<0.001

2.30 (2.17–2.44)

<0.001

 Anemia requiring blood

57,727/178,712

7442 (12.9)/10,710 (6.0)

2.38 (2.31–2.46)

<0.001

2.25 (2.17–2.34)

<0.001

  Transfusion (yes/no)

 Hyperkalemia (yes/no)

23,505/212,934

2532 (10.8)/15,620 (7.3)

1.57 (1.51–1.64)

<0.001

1.17 (1.11–1.23)

<0.001

 Volume overload (yes/no)

22,091/214,348

1966 (8.9)/16,186 (7.55)

1.30 (1.24–1.36)

<0.001

0.99 (0.93–1.05)

0.67

 Metabolic acidosis (yes/no)

11,897/224,542

1549 (13.0)/16,603 (7.4)

1.90 (1.80–2.00)

<0.001

1.11 (1.04–1.19)

0.003

 Hemodialysis

17,143/219,296

5239 (30.6)/12,913 (5.9)

6.45 (6.22–6.70)

<0.001

3.14 (3.00–3.28)

<0.001

 Peritoneal dialysis

4584/231,855

1170 (25.5)/16,982 (7.3)

4.16 (3.89–4.46)

<0.001

3.30 (3.04–3.59)

<0.001