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Table 1 Characteristics of economic evaluations identified in the systematic review

From: Economic evaluation of treatments for patients with localized prostate cancer in Europe: a systematic review

Authors (Year)

Country

[Reference]

Population

Interventions

(No. patients)

Economic Perspective

(Time Horizon)

Source for Costs data (year)

Source for Effects data

Type of Evaluation

(Design/Model)

[Threshold for Cost-Effectiveness]

A. Expectant management (active surveillance or watchful waiting) vs other treatments

Koerber, et al. (2014)

Germany

[28]

Theoretical cohort

Mean 65 Years

LE > 15 years

PSA ≤10 ng/ml

Gleason: ≤6

Stage:≤T2a

No severe comorbidities

AS

RP

(No. patients Not applicable)

Societal

(Lifetime)

Published literature

German DRG, physician’s fee, pharmaceutical prices catalogues (2011)

Discount rate 3 %

Disease mortality from SCPG-4 data

Baseline utilities: German survey with EQ-5D

Health state specific utilities: published literature

Cost-utility analysis

(Markov model)

[€50,000 per QALY gained]

Lyth, et al. (2012)

Sweden

[29]

Randomized trial SPCG-4

Age < 75 years

LE > 10 years

PSA < 50 ng/ml

No other cancer

WW

RP

(n total = 695)

Payer

(10 years)

Retrospectively collected in SPCG-4 trial patient records.

(2007)

Discount rate 3.5 %

Individual-patients data from SPCG-4 with a 77-item questionnaire

Cost-utility analysis

(Semi-Markov model)

[200,000 SEK per QALY gained]

Andersson, et al. (2011),

Sweden

[30]

Randomized trial SPCG-4

Age < 75 years

LE > 10 years

PSA < 50 ng/ml

WW (n = 105)

RP (n = 107)

Payer

(12 years)

Medical records and price list at the University Hospital in Örebro (2007)

NA

Cost Comparison

(Not modelling)

[Not Applicable]

Bauvin, et al. (2003)

France

[31]

Retrospective control-cohort study (patients diagnosed in 1995)

WW (n = 46)

RP (n = 56)

Payer

(5 years)

Delphi method (1995)

Discount rate 3 %

Survival at 5 years from individual-patients data

Cost-effectiveness analysis

(Not modelling)

[Not Reported]

Hummel, et al. (2003)

UK

[22]

Theoretical cohort

Age: 65-year old

WW

BT

3DCRT

Payer

(Lifetime)

Literature review and NHS trusts (2002)

Discount rate 6 %

Literature review for Utilities

Authors assume equal disease-free survival effectiveness

Cost-utility

(Markov model)

[£20,000 and £30,000 per QALY gained]

B. Robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP) vs other surgical techniques

Lord, et al. (2013)

UK

[32]

Theoretical cohort

RRP (n = 1000)

PRP (n = 1000)

LRP (n = 1000))

RALP (n = 1000)

Payer

(Lifetime)

NHS data & Literature review. (2010–11)

Discount Rate 3.5 %

Disease registries and recent UK systematic reviews and meta-analyses.

Cost-utility analysis

(Individual-level

Discrete event simulation)

[£20,000 per QALY gained]

Close, et al. (2013)

UK

[33]

Theoretical cohort

Mean 61.5 years

RALP (n = 5000)

LRP (n = 5000)

Payer

(10 years)

UK NHS

da Vincy Surgical System prices provided by the manufacturer. (2009)

Discount rate: 3.5 %

Systematic literature review and meta-analysis of clinical effectiveness and expert advisory group

Cost-utility analysis

(Discrete event simulation model)

[£30,000 per QALY gained in base case

£0 to £50,000 in Sensitivity Analysis]

Barbaro, et al. (2012)

Italy

[34]

Observational prospective cohort study

Treatment 2007–8

Mean 63.8 years

RRP (n = 99) RALP (n = 24)

Hospital

(hospital stay)

Patient’s medical health record and operating room report. Hospital accounting office reimbursement fees. (2008)

Primary data from the study itself

Cost Comparison

[Not Applicable]

Hohwu, et al. (2011)

Denmark

[35]

Retrospective cohort

Age: 50–69 years

Treatment 2004-7

RALP (n = 77)

RRP (n = 154)

Societal

(1 year)

Medical records, price list hospital and national registries. Absence from work using the human capital method. (2008)

Primary data from the study itself

SF-6D from SF-36 questionnaire

Cost-utility analysis

[Not Reported]

C. Conventional external radiotherapy vs new modalities

Hummel, et al. (2012)

UK

[36]

Theoretical cohort

Age 70 years

IMRT

3DCRT

(10000 patients for each model)

Payer

(Lifetime)

St Bartholomew’s hospital

Literature review, expert opinion. None primary data collected on resource use. (2008)

Discount rate 3.5 %

Systematic literature review

Cost-utility analysis (Discrete event simulation model)

[£20000 and

£30000 per QALY gained]

Lundkvist, et al. (2005)

Sweden

[37]

Theoretical cohort

Age: 65-year

PT

External Radiotherapy

Payer

(Lifetime)

Published literature and assumptions (2002)

Discount rate 3 %

Published literature

Cost-utility analysis

(Markov model)

[€55000 per QALY gained]

Hummel, et al. (2003)

UK

[22]

Theoretical cohort

Age: 65-year old

2DRT

BT

3DCRT

Payer

(Lifetime)

Literature review and NHS trusts. (2002)

Discount rate 6 %

Literature review for Utilities

Authors assume equal disease-free survival effectiveness

Cost-utility

(Markov model)

[£20000 and

£30000 per QALY gained]

D. Prostatectomy vs radiation treatment

Becerra, et al. (2011)

Spain

[38]

Observational prospective cohort

Mean age:

RP = 63.7 years

BT = 67.6 years

3DCRT = 69 years

RP (n = 181)

BT (n = 64)

3DCRT (n = 153)

Payer

(6 months)

Micro costing from reference hospitals, patient charts, tariffs and previously published data. (2004–2005).

Not discount rate

Equally effective

Cost minimization

(Not modelling)

[Not Applicable]

Buron, et al. (2007)

France

[39]

Observational retrospective cohort

11hospitals

PSA ≤20 ng/ml Gleason < 8.

RP (n = 127)

BT (n = 308)

Societal

(2 years)

French National Security fee schedule for DRG and outpatient. Production loss: French daily national average wage. (2001)

EORTC core QLQ-C30 and EORTC QLQ-PR25.

Cost-effectiveness analysis

(Not modelling)

[Not Reported]

Hummel, et al. (2003)

UK

[22]

Theoretical cohort

Age: 65-year old

RP

BT

3DCRT

Payer

(Lifetime)

Literature review and NHS trusts. (2002)

Discount rate 6 %

Literature review for Utilities

Authors assume equal disease-free survival effectiveness

Cost-utility

(Markov model)

[£20000 and £30000 per QALY gained]

  1. Abbreviations: BT Brachytherapy, DRG Diagnosis Related Group, SPCG-4 trial Scandinavian Prostate Cancer Group Study Number 4 trial, AS Active Surveillance, IMRT Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy, LE Life Expectancy, LRP Laparoscopic Prostatectomy, RALP Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Prostatectomy, RP Radical Prostatectomy, PRP Perineal Radical Prostatectomy, RRP Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy, PR Proton therapy, PSA Prostate Specific Antigen, QALYs Quality-Adjusted Life Years, WW Watchful Waiting, 2DRT Two Dimensional Radiotherapy, 3DCRT Three Dimensional Conformal Radiotherapy