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Table 1 Distribution of patient characteristics collected from HDRs, OPD and medical charts, overall and by hospital

From: Risk-adjustment models for heart failure patients’ 30-day mortality and readmission rates: the incremental value of clinical data abstracted from medical charts beyond hospital discharge record

Patient characteristics

Hospital A

Hospital B

Hospital C

All

p

(n = 786)

(n = 96)

(n = 263)

(n = 1145)

From HDRs

 Age in years, mean [SD]

82.3

[9.2]

77.1

[11.0]

79.7

[10.2]

81.3

[9.8]

<0.001

 Gender, n (%)

        

0.01

  Male

339

(43.1)

55

(57.3)

129

(49.0)

523

(45.7)

 

  Female

447

(56.9)

41

(42.7)

134

(51.0)

622

(54.3)

 

 Length of stay in days, median [IQR]

8

[7]

9.5

[9.5]

8

[6]

8

[7]

<0.001

 Comorbidity, n (%)

  Malignant tumors

75

(9.5)

11

(11.5)

31

(11.8)

117

(10.2)

0.53

  Diabetes

129

(16.4)

19

(19.8)

49

(18.6)

197

(17.2)

0.56

  Disorders of lipoid metabolism

44

(5.6)

6

(6.3)

27

(10.3)

77

(6.7)

0.03

  Obesity

23

(2.9)

2

(2.1)

13

(4.9)

38

(3.3)

0.26

  Hematologic diseases

127

(16.2)

10

(10.4)

50

(19.0)

187

(16.3)

0.14

  Hypertensive diseases

247

(31.4)

31

(32.3)

96

(36.5)

374

(32.7)

0.31

  Previous AMI

122

(15.5)

25

(26.0)

48

(18.3)

195

(17.0)

0.03

  Other forms of ischemic heart disease

257

(32.7)

42

(43.8)

72

(27.4)

371

(32.4)

0.01

  Ill-defined descriptions and complications of heart disease

12

(1.5)

4

(4.2)

6

(2.3)

22

(1.9)

0.14

  Rheumatic heart disease

50

(6.4)

9

(9.4)

15

(5.7)

74

(6.5)

0.45

  Cardiomyopathies

56

(7.1)

21

(21.9)

19

(7.2)

96

(8.4)

<0.001

  Other cardiac diseases

60

(7.6)

21

(21.9)

34

(12.9)

115

(10.0)

<0.001

  Conduction disorders and cardiac dysrhythmias

207

(26.3)

30

(31.3)

80

(30.4)

317

(27.7)

0.32

  Cerebrovascular diseases

121

(15.4)

21

(21.9)

50

(19.0)

192

(16.8)

0.15

  Vascular diseases

66

(8.4)

11

(11.5)

26

(9.9)

103

(9.0)

0.52

  COPD

122

(15.5)

19

(19.8)

42

(16.0)

183

(16.0)

0.56

  Chronic nephropathies

173

(22.0)

34

(35.4)

97

(36.9)

304

(26.6)

<0.001

  Chronic diseases of liver, pancreas and intestine

16

(2.0)

1

(1.0)

5

(1.9)

22

(1.9)

>0.99

  Previous bypass

14

(1.8)

6

(6.3)

18

(6.8)

38

(3.3)

<0.001

  Previous PCI

40

(5.1)

9

(9.4)

16

(6.1)

65

(5.7)

0.20

  Other surgery of the heart

18

(2.3)

9

(9.4)

7

(2.7)

34

(3.0)

<0.01

  Other surgery of great vessels

18

(2.3)

2

(2.1)

8

(3.0)

28

(2.4)

0.74

  Previous diagnosis of heart failure

223

(28.4)

34

(35.4)

74

(28.1)

331

(28.9)

0.34

From OPD

 Previous medication use, n (%)

  Antidiabetic drugs

174

(22.1)

24

(25.0)

59

(22.4)

257

(22.4)

0.79

  Drugs for cardiac therapy

262

(33.3)

25

(26.0)

70

(26.6)

357

(31.2)

0.07

  Drugs for obstructive airway diseases

163

(20.7)

30

(31.3)

70

(26.6)

263

(23.0)

0.02

  Diuretics

457

(58.1)

59

(61.5)

159

(60.5)

675

(59.0)

0.70

  β-blockers

200

(25.4)

32

(33.3)

75

(28.5)

307

(26.8)

0.20

  ACEIs/ARBs

366

(46.6)

38

(39.6)

115

(43.7)

519

(45.3)

0.36

  Calcium channel blockers and/or other antihypertensive drugs

472

(60.1)

68

(70.8)

155

(58.9)

695

(60.7)

0.10

  Statins

383

(48.7)

53

(55.2)

131

(49.8)

567

(49.5)

0.49

  Antiplatelet drugs

181

(23.0)

25

(26.0)

56

(21.3)

262

(22.9)

0.63

From medical charts

 Emergency department utilization, n (%)

767

(97.6)

78

(81.3)

256

(97.3)

1101

(96.2)

<0.001

 Heart rate in bpm, mean [SD]a

87

[20.7]

86

[19.4]

85

[18.7]

87

[20.2]

0.52

 Systolic blood pressure in mmHg, mean [SD]

140

[32.8]

139

[32.5]

142

[32.3]

140

[32.6]

0.67

 Pulmonary congestion, n (%)

666

(84.7)

87

(90.6)

241

(91.6)

994

(86.8)

<0.001

 Heart rhythm, n (%)

        

0.14

  Sinus rhythm

405

(51.5)

42

(43.8)

127

(48.3)

574

(50.1)

 

  Atrial fibrillation

323

(41.1)

41

(42.7)

118

(44.9)

482

(42.1)

 

  Pacemaker rhythm

55

(7.0)

13

(13.5)

18

(6.8)

86

(7.5)

 

 Bundle branch block, n (%)

        

0.55

  No

625

(79.5)

78

(81.3)

208

(79.1)

911

(79.6)

 

  Right

72

(9.2)

6

(6.3)

30

(11.4)

108

(9.4)

 

  Left

89

(11.3)

12

(12.5)

25

(9.5)

126

(11.0)

 

 QRS complex, mean [SD]b

151

[18.1]

159

[24.0]

152

[19.9]

152

[19.0]

0.25

 Serum creatinine in mg/dL, mean [SD]

1.42

[0.9]

1.32

[0.6]

1.4

[0.9]

1.41

[0.9]

0.59

 Chronic kidney disease stage (using MDRD formula), n (%)

        

0.38

  1

60

(7.6)

9

(9.4)

32

(12.2)

101

(8.8)

 

  2

210

(26.7)

25

(26.0)

74

(28.1)

309

(27.0)

 

  3a

191

(24.3)

24

(25.0)

53

(20.2)

268

(23.4)

 

  3b

179

(22.8)

27

(28.1)

60

(22.8)

266

(23.2)

 

  4

122

(15.5)

10

(10.4)

35

(13.3)

167

(14.6)

 

  5

24

(3.1)

1

(1.0)

9

(3.4)

34

(3.0)

 

 Sodium in mmol/l, mean [SD]

139

[5.8]

139

[3.7]

138

[4.8]

139

[5.4]

<0.001

 Hemoglobin in g/dL, mean [SD]

12.1

[2.2]

12.1

[1.9]

12.1

[2.0]

12.1

[2.1]

>0.90

 Previously implanted pacemaker, n (%)

80

(10.2)

21

(21.9)

29

(11.0)

130

(11.4)

<0.01

 Previously implanted cardioverter defibrillator, n (%)

13

(1.7)

10

(10.4)

9

(3.4)

32

(2.8)

<0.001

  1. Abbreviations: HDR Hospital Discharge Record, SD standard deviation, IQR interquartile range, AMI acute myocardial infarction, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, PCI percutaneous coronary intervention, OPD Outpatient Pharmaceutical Database, ACEI/ARB angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker, MDRD Modification of Diet in Renal Disease
  2. aOnly for patients with sinus rhythm
  3. bOnly for patients with left bundle branch block
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