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Table 1 Descriptive Statistics

From: The impact of the affordable care Act (ACA) on favorable risk selection and Beneficiaries’ health status in Medicare advantage: a preliminary assessment

Variable

N (%)

Objective 1

Objective 2 at Baseline

Objective 2 at Follow up

n = 1,658,453

n = 546,362

n = 546,362

 Age

  65 to 74

964,956 (58.2)

324,065 (59.3)

 

  75 and older

693,497 (41.8)

222,297 (40.7)

 

 Gender

  Female

938,226 (58.5)

318,329 (58.9)

 

  Male

666,270 (41.5)

221,773 (41.1)

 

 Race

  White

1,190,929 (81.1)

440,198 (83.3)

 

  Black or African American

144,437 (9.8)

42,722 (8.1)

 

  Other

132,635 (9.0)

45,814 (8.7)

 

 Marital Status

  Married

816,103 (54.2)

306,183 (56.9)

 

  Non-married

688,321 (45.8)

231,489 (43.1)

 

 Education

  Less than high school education or equivalent

397,151 (26.6)

130,480 (24.4)

 

  High school education or equivalent

518,306 (34.7)

194,584 (36.3)

 

  Greater than high school education or equivalent

579,193 (38.8)

210,315 (39.3)

 

 Self-Rated Health (SRH)

  Excellent

102,591 (6.5)

35,892 (6.7)

30,871 (5.7)

  Very good

393,205 (25.0)

148,911 (27.6)

138,340 (26.3)

  Good

599,089 (38.2)

216,901 (40.3)

208,904 (39.7)

  Fair

370,320 (23.6)

114,631 (21.0)

119,286 (22.6)

  Poor

104,673 (6.7)

22,406 (4.1)

29,331 (5.6)

 Falls

  Did not fall

1,163,694 (77.0)

428,294 (78.4)

400,071 (77.3)

  Fell to the ground

347,670 (23.0)

110,755 (20.5)

117,289 (22.7)

 Balance Problems

  No

1,002,304 (66.5)

379,692 (70.5)

338,669 (65.7)

  Yes

505,307 (33.5)

158,532 (29.5)

177,149 (34.3)

 Falls Management

  No

1,019,652 (69.3)

389,581 (74.1)

348,958 (69.2)

  Yes

451,062 (30.7)

135,948 (25.9)

155,283 (30.8)

 Variable (range)

Mean (SD)

Objective 1

Objective 2 at Baseline

Objective 2 at Follow up

  Frailty - ADL Scorea (0–6)

0.99 (1.66)

0.79 (1.44)

0.95 (1.60)

  Morbidity Scoreb (0–7)

2.86 (1.93)

2.76 (1.88)

2.88 (1.90)

  1. aActivities of daily living (ADL) score calculated as the sum of the six disability components (binary indicators): bathing, dressing, eating, getting in or out of chair, walking and using the toilet
  2. bMorbidity score is the sum of 13 comorbidity dummy indicators truncated at 7 comorbidities