Table 2 Level of evidence of low-value care measures

Level of evidence

Group A: Recommendation source

Measure numbers^a

Count

 1

CW, NICE or USPSTF recommendations;

Guideline;

Literature evidence (review or clinical trial)

39, 40, 46

3

 2

CW, NICE or USPSTF recommendations;

Literature evidence (review or clinical trial)

13, 14, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 44, 48, 50, 55, 77, 80, 90, 95, 103, 112, 115

20

 2

CW, NICE or USPSTF recommendations;

Guideline

33, 53

2

 2

Literature evidence (reviews or clinical trial)

3, 21, 58, 76, 78, 81, 82, 83, 85, 89

10

 2

Guideline

54, 57

2

 3

USPSTF concludes that evidence is insufficient

101

1

 Unknown

Literature: other compiled low-value service lists

47, 49, 113

3

 Unknown

USPSTF recommendation not found

104, 107

2

 Unknown

CW, NICE or USPSTF recommendations

34, 38, 43, 45, 51, 52, 59, 61, 84, 92, 98, 102, 105, 106, 108, 109, 110, 111, 114

19

Level of evidence

Group B: Institutional measure status

Measure numbers^a

 1

NQF endorsed

5, 11, 16, 18, 41, 56, 62–67, 72, 73, 91, 93, 94, 96, 97

19

 2

AHRQ measure supported by a clinical practice guideline or other peer-reviewed synthesis of clinical research evidence and one or more research studies published in a National Library of Medicine (NLM) indexed, peer-reviewed journal

60, 69, 70

3

 2

AHRQ measure supported by a clinical practice guideline or other peer-reviewed synthesis of the clinical research evidence

1, 4, 55, 86

4

 2

CMS QualityNet

2, 7, 8, 9, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 37, 42, 99, 100

14

 3

NQF endorsement removed since April 2014

6, 10, 74, 75

4

 Unknown

NQF endorsement not found

17, 71

2

 Unknown

AHRQ measure/guideline not found

68, 79, 87

3

 Unknown

CMS QualityNet under revision

15

1

 Unknown

CMS not found

12

1

 Unknown

BCBS AQC measures not found

35, 36

2