From: Focused maternity care in Ghana: results of a cluster analysis
Covariates/Socio-demographic | All response variables Adequate care group (ref) | Prenatal and postnatal care Adequate care (ref) | Facility utilization Adequate utilization group (ref) | Medication received Adequate medication care group (ref) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Multinomial logistic regression | Binary logistic regression | Binary logistic regression | ||||
less adequate care group | least adequate care group | less adequate care group | least adequate care group | less adequate utilization care group | less medication care group | |
Exp B (95 % CI) | Exp B (95 % CI) | Exp B (95 % CI) | Exp B (95 % CI) | Exp B (95 % CI) | Exp B (95 % CI) | |
Age (years) | 0.973 (0.951–0.997)* | 1.078 (1.052–1.105)*** | 1.089 (1.063–1.116)*** | 1.003 (0.980–1.028) | 0.971 (0.950–0.993)* | 0.973 (0.953–0.992)* |
Parity (# of living children) | 1.079 (0.987–1.179) | 0.919 (0.838–1.008) | 0.899 (0.820–0.986)* | 1.014 (0.927–1.110) | 1.148 (1.055–1.248)** | 1.085 (1.005–1.171)* |
Rural residence type | 1.082 (0.789–1.484) | 1.596 (1.124–2.267)* | 1.744 (1.229–2.473)* | 1.482 (1.075–2.044)* | 1.981 (1.490–2.633)*** | 1.050 (0.795–1.387) |
Currently employed | 0.855 (0.621–1.178) | 0.939 (0.647–1.362) | 0.944 (0.651–1.370) | 0.847 (0.614–1.167) | 0.943 (0.691–1.285) | 0.918 (0.691–1.220) |
Marital status | ||||||
Never married | 0.670 (0.389–1.154) | 0.998 (0.533–1.868) | 1.240 (0.657–2.340) | 1.264 (0.756–2.112) | 0.859 (0.518–1.425) | 0.899 (0.560–1.443) |
Widowed/Divorced | 1.160 (0.699–1.927) | 2.048 (1.244–3.371)* | 1.807 (1.107–2.951)* | 0.818 (0.483–1.385) | 1.193 (0.753–1.891) | 1.382 (0.911–2.097) |
Married (ref) | ||||||
Wealth status | ||||||
Poorest | 1.754 (0.999–3.078)* | 1.042 (0.559–1.946) | 0.959 (0.515–1.789) | 1.403 (0.793–2.481) | 6.300 (3.593–11.046)*** | 1.601 (0.981–2.614) |
Poorer | 1.362 (0.813–2.281) | 1.042 (0.590–1.842) | 1.080 (0.611–1.907) | 1.491 (0.888–2.504) | 3.175 (1.894–5.324)*** | 1.205 (0.769–1.888) |
Middle | 1.313 (0.810–2.130) | 1.076 (0.633–1.828) | 1.086 (0.640–1.845) | 1.391 (0.853–2.268) | 2.359 (1.440–3.866)** | 1.082 (0.711–1.646) |
Richer | 1.314 (0.843–2.046) | 1.192 (0.737–1.929) | 1.065 (0.660–1.720) | 0.838 (0.524–1.339) | 1.634 (1.015–2.632)* | 1.013 (0.689–1.490) |
Richest (ref) | ||||||
Respondent education | ||||||
No education | 1.832 (0.738–4.548) | 1.468 (0.598–3.604) | 1.392 (0.570–3.400) | 2.029 (0.720–5.717) | 2.336 (0.840–6.496) | 1.803 (0.846–3.844) |
Primary | 1.373 (0.556–3.394) | 1.241 (0.510–3.020) | 1.374 (0.567–3.329) | 2.357 (0.841–6.603) | 1.918 (0.692–5.315) | 1.349 (0.636–2.862) |
Secondary | 1.194 (0.495–2.877) | 1.068 (0.453–2.518) | 1.136 (0.484–2.665) | 1.856 (0.678–5.083) | 1.373 (0.503–3.751) | 1.091 (0.526–2.263) |
Higher (ref) | ||||||
Region | ||||||
Upper East | 1.359 (0.735–2.513) | 1.260 (0.619–2.564) | 1.078 (0.535–2.171) | 0.977 (0.514–1.856) | 0.919 (0.493–1.711) | 1.133 (0.659–1.947) |
Upper West | 0.364 (0.200–0.663)** | 0.793 (0.418–1.502) | 0.841 (0.445–1.589) | 0.413 (0.224–0.761)* | 0.899 (0.509–1.586) | 0.387 (0.231–0.649)*** |
Northern | 1.315 (0.772–2.240) | 1.418 (0.779–2.580) | 1.658 (0.913–3.011) | 2.022 (1.166–3.506)* | 2.266 (1.312–3.914)* | 1.230 (0.773–1.958) |
Brong Ahafo | 0.854 (0.498–1.465) | 0.915 (0.488–1.717) | 0.947 (0.506–1.773) | 0.903 (0.519–1.573) | 0.846 (0.486–1.472) | 0.793 (0.491–1.279) |
Ashanti | 0.839 (0.515–1.366) | 0.881 (0.511–1.519) | 0.936 (0.544–1.612) | 0.992 (0.600–1.641) | 1.103 (0.669–1.817) | 0.796 (0.519–1.222) |
Eastern | 0.753 (0.428–1.325) | 1.021 (0.553–1.887) | 0.999 (0.542–1.841) | 0.668 (0.371–1.203) | 1.102 (0.633–1.919) | 0.730 (0.446–1.195) |
Volta | 0.347 (0.190–0.635)** | 0.745 (0.401–1.384) | 0.754 (0.407–1.396) | 0.309 (0.162–0.590)*** | 0.879 (0.510–1.517) | 0.457 (0.275–0.760)* |
Central | 0.674 (0.379–1.197) | 0.637 (0.337–1.204) | 0.633 (0.336–1.191) | 0.617 (0.337–1.127) | 1.678 (0.968–2.908) | 0.701 (0.426–1.156) |
Western | 1.226 (0.707–2.123) | 1.098 (0.589–2.048) | 0.951 (0.513–1.764) | 0.784 (0.440–1.398) | 2.136 (1.227–3.718)* | 1.276 (0.789–2.062) |
Accra (ref) | ||||||
Partner education | ||||||
No education | 0.982 (0.755–1.277) | 1.100 (0.823–1.470) | 1.124 (0.842–1.500) | 1.073 (0.817–1.409) | 1.121 (0.876–1.434) | 1.041 (0.827–1.312) |
Primary | 1.104 (0.696–1.751) | 0.979 (0.556–1.722) | 1.034 (0.589–1.815) | 1.343 (0.842–2.142) | 0.822 (0.529–1.277) | 1.104 (0.729–1.671) |
Secondary | 0.678 (0.318–1.445) | 0.665 (0.258–1.716) | 0.833 (0.320–2.166) | 1.323 (0.648–2.702) | 0.724 (0.368–1.422) | 0.795 (0.406–1.558) |
Higher (ref) | ||||||
Covered by NHIS | 0.851 (0.669–1.083) | 0.592 (0.450–0.780)*** | 0.592 (0.450–0.780) | 0.851 (0.669–1.083)*** | 0.508 (0.406–0.637)*** | 0.848 (0.686–1.049) |
Concerned that no drugs available | 0.657 (0.423–1.021) | 0.591 (0.364–0.962)* | 0.591 (0.364–0.962) | 0.657 (0.423–1.021) | 1.048 (0.694–1.583) | 0.796 (0.544–1.164) |
Slept under ITNs | 0.872 (0.697–1.090) | 0.503 (0.389–0.650)*** | 0.503 (0.389–0.650) | 0.872 (0.697–1.090)*** | 0.962 (0.776–1.193) | 0.861 (0.707–1.049) |
Final say on own health | ||||||
Respondents | 1.065 (0.791–1.434) | 1.310 (0.948–1.811) | 1.310 (0.948–1.811)* | 1.065 (0.791–1.434)* | 0.929 (0.700–1.234) | 1.133 (0.874–1.468) |
Husband/partner | 1.197 (0.919–1.558) | 1.168 (0.862–1.583) | 1.168 (0.862–1.583)*** | 1.197 (0.919–1.558) | 1.024 (0.793–1.323) | 1.124 (0.889–1.422) |
Both spouses (ref) | ||||||
Difficulty with night/day vision at pregnancy | ||||||
Big problem | 0.958 (0.681–1.349) | 0.734 (0.477–1.130) | 0.734 (0.477–1.130) | 0.958 (0.681–1.349) | 1.208 (0.865–1.687) | 0.909 (0.666–1.242) |
Not a big problem | 1.315 (0.960–1.801) | 1.369 (0.971–1.930) | 1.369 (0.971–1.930) | 1.315 (0.960–1.801) | 1.131 (0.836–1.530) | 1.262 (0.959–1.660) |
No problem (ref) | ||||||
Difficulty with distance/transport on health needs | ||||||
Big problem | 0.941 (0.632–1.401) | 1.250 (0.819–1.907) | 1.250 (0.819–1.907) | 0.941 (0.632–1.401) | 1.027 (0.706–1.494) | 0.986 (0.702–1.386) |
Not a big problem | 0.792 (0.596–1.053) | 0.671 (0.486–0.928)* | 0.671 (0.486–0.928) | 0.792 (0.596–1.053) | 0.712 (0.543–0.934)* | 0.766 (0.596–0.983)* |
No problem (ref) | ||||||
Difficulty with money/permission on getting health | ||||||
Big problem | 0.890 (0.593–1.333) | 1.207 (0.727–2.003) | 1.207 (0.727–2.003) | 0.890 (0.593–1.333) | 1.036 (0.683–1.570) | 0.874 (0.607–1.259) |
Not a big problem | 0.723 (0.473–1.105) | 1.290 (0.764–2.179) | 1.290 (0.764–2.179) | 0.723 (0.473–1.105) | 0.835 (0.543–1.284) | 0.784 (0.536–1.147) |
No problem (ref) | ||||||
No provider/female provider available | ||||||
Big problem | 0.953 (0.689–1.317) | 1.378 (0.944–2.012) | 1.378 (0.944–2.012) | 0.953 (0.689–1.317) | 1.086 (0.798–1.479) | 1.037 (0.778–1.383) |
Not a big problem | 1.543 (0.949–2.507) | 2.284 (1.319–3.955)* | 2.284 (1.319–3.955) | 1.543 (0.949–2.507)* | 0.869 (0.550–1.375) | 1.348 (0.883–2.057) |
No problem (ref) | ||||||
Regression statistics | ||||||
observations | 2147 | 2147 | 2147 | 2147 | ||
–2LL Ratio | 3939.823 | 3879.066 | 2270.445 | 2604.792 | ||
–Pseudo R square | 0.176 | 0.179 | 0.372 | 0.127 | ||
–P values | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.217 | 0.407 |