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Table 3 Regression results of cluster membership groups with individual, household and national explanatory variables

From: Focused maternity care in Ghana: results of a cluster analysis

Covariates/Socio-demographic

All response variables

Adequate care group (ref)

Prenatal and postnatal care

Adequate care (ref)

Facility utilization

Adequate utilization group (ref)

Medication received

Adequate medication care group (ref)

Multinomial logistic regression

Binary logistic regression

Binary logistic regression

less adequate care group

least adequate care group

less adequate care group

least adequate care group

less adequate utilization care group

less medication care group

Exp B (95 % CI)

Exp B (95 % CI)

Exp B (95 % CI)

Exp B (95 % CI)

Exp B (95 % CI)

Exp B (95 % CI)

Age (years)

0.973 (0.951–0.997)*

1.078 (1.052–1.105)***

1.089 (1.063–1.116)***

1.003 (0.980–1.028)

0.971 (0.950–0.993)*

0.973 (0.953–0.992)*

Parity (# of living children)

1.079 (0.987–1.179)

0.919 (0.838–1.008)

0.899 (0.820–0.986)*

1.014 (0.927–1.110)

1.148 (1.055–1.248)**

1.085 (1.005–1.171)*

Rural residence type

1.082 (0.789–1.484)

1.596 (1.124–2.267)*

1.744 (1.229–2.473)*

1.482 (1.075–2.044)*

1.981 (1.490–2.633)***

1.050 (0.795–1.387)

Currently employed

0.855 (0.621–1.178)

0.939 (0.647–1.362)

0.944 (0.651–1.370)

0.847 (0.614–1.167)

0.943 (0.691–1.285)

0.918 (0.691–1.220)

Marital status

 Never married

0.670 (0.389–1.154)

0.998 (0.533–1.868)

1.240 (0.657–2.340)

1.264 (0.756–2.112)

0.859 (0.518–1.425)

0.899 (0.560–1.443)

 Widowed/Divorced

1.160 (0.699–1.927)

2.048 (1.244–3.371)*

1.807 (1.107–2.951)*

0.818 (0.483–1.385)

1.193 (0.753–1.891)

1.382 (0.911–2.097)

 Married (ref)

      

Wealth status

 Poorest

1.754 (0.999–3.078)*

1.042 (0.559–1.946)

0.959 (0.515–1.789)

1.403 (0.793–2.481)

6.300 (3.593–11.046)***

1.601 (0.981–2.614)

 Poorer

1.362 (0.813–2.281)

1.042 (0.590–1.842)

1.080 (0.611–1.907)

1.491 (0.888–2.504)

3.175 (1.894–5.324)***

1.205 (0.769–1.888)

 Middle

1.313 (0.810–2.130)

1.076 (0.633–1.828)

1.086 (0.640–1.845)

1.391 (0.853–2.268)

2.359 (1.440–3.866)**

1.082 (0.711–1.646)

 Richer

1.314 (0.843–2.046)

1.192 (0.737–1.929)

1.065 (0.660–1.720)

0.838 (0.524–1.339)

1.634 (1.015–2.632)*

1.013 (0.689–1.490)

 Richest (ref)

      

Respondent education

 No education

1.832 (0.738–4.548)

1.468 (0.598–3.604)

1.392 (0.570–3.400)

2.029 (0.720–5.717)

2.336 (0.840–6.496)

1.803 (0.846–3.844)

 Primary

1.373 (0.556–3.394)

1.241 (0.510–3.020)

1.374 (0.567–3.329)

2.357 (0.841–6.603)

1.918 (0.692–5.315)

1.349 (0.636–2.862)

 Secondary

1.194 (0.495–2.877)

1.068 (0.453–2.518)

1.136 (0.484–2.665)

1.856 (0.678–5.083)

1.373 (0.503–3.751)

1.091 (0.526–2.263)

 Higher (ref)

      

Region

 Upper East

1.359 (0.735–2.513)

1.260 (0.619–2.564)

1.078 (0.535–2.171)

0.977 (0.514–1.856)

0.919 (0.493–1.711)

1.133 (0.659–1.947)

 Upper West

0.364 (0.200–0.663)**

0.793 (0.418–1.502)

0.841 (0.445–1.589)

0.413 (0.224–0.761)*

0.899 (0.509–1.586)

0.387 (0.231–0.649)***

 Northern

1.315 (0.772–2.240)

1.418 (0.779–2.580)

1.658 (0.913–3.011)

2.022 (1.166–3.506)*

2.266 (1.312–3.914)*

1.230 (0.773–1.958)

 Brong Ahafo

0.854 (0.498–1.465)

0.915 (0.488–1.717)

0.947 (0.506–1.773)

0.903 (0.519–1.573)

0.846 (0.486–1.472)

0.793 (0.491–1.279)

 Ashanti

0.839 (0.515–1.366)

0.881 (0.511–1.519)

0.936 (0.544–1.612)

0.992 (0.600–1.641)

1.103 (0.669–1.817)

0.796 (0.519–1.222)

 Eastern

0.753 (0.428–1.325)

1.021 (0.553–1.887)

0.999 (0.542–1.841)

0.668 (0.371–1.203)

1.102 (0.633–1.919)

0.730 (0.446–1.195)

 Volta

0.347 (0.190–0.635)**

0.745 (0.401–1.384)

0.754 (0.407–1.396)

0.309 (0.162–0.590)***

0.879 (0.510–1.517)

0.457 (0.275–0.760)*

 Central

0.674 (0.379–1.197)

0.637 (0.337–1.204)

0.633 (0.336–1.191)

0.617 (0.337–1.127)

1.678 (0.968–2.908)

0.701 (0.426–1.156)

 Western

1.226 (0.707–2.123)

1.098 (0.589–2.048)

0.951 (0.513–1.764)

0.784 (0.440–1.398)

2.136 (1.227–3.718)*

1.276 (0.789–2.062)

 Accra (ref)

      

Partner education

 No education

0.982 (0.755–1.277)

1.100 (0.823–1.470)

1.124 (0.842–1.500)

1.073 (0.817–1.409)

1.121 (0.876–1.434)

1.041 (0.827–1.312)

 Primary

1.104 (0.696–1.751)

0.979 (0.556–1.722)

1.034 (0.589–1.815)

1.343 (0.842–2.142)

0.822 (0.529–1.277)

1.104 (0.729–1.671)

 Secondary

0.678 (0.318–1.445)

0.665 (0.258–1.716)

0.833 (0.320–2.166)

1.323 (0.648–2.702)

0.724 (0.368–1.422)

0.795 (0.406–1.558)

 Higher (ref)

      

 Covered by NHIS

0.851 (0.669–1.083)

0.592 (0.450–0.780)***

0.592 (0.450–0.780)

0.851 (0.669–1.083)***

0.508 (0.406–0.637)***

0.848 (0.686–1.049)

 Concerned that no drugs available

0.657 (0.423–1.021)

0.591 (0.364–0.962)*

0.591 (0.364–0.962)

0.657 (0.423–1.021)

1.048 (0.694–1.583)

0.796 (0.544–1.164)

 Slept under ITNs

0.872 (0.697–1.090)

0.503 (0.389–0.650)***

0.503 (0.389–0.650)

0.872 (0.697–1.090)***

0.962 (0.776–1.193)

0.861 (0.707–1.049)

Final say on own health

 Respondents

1.065 (0.791–1.434)

1.310 (0.948–1.811)

1.310 (0.948–1.811)*

1.065 (0.791–1.434)*

0.929 (0.700–1.234)

1.133 (0.874–1.468)

 Husband/partner

1.197 (0.919–1.558)

1.168 (0.862–1.583)

1.168 (0.862–1.583)***

1.197 (0.919–1.558)

1.024 (0.793–1.323)

1.124 (0.889–1.422)

 Both spouses (ref)

      

Difficulty with night/day vision at pregnancy

 Big problem

0.958 (0.681–1.349)

0.734 (0.477–1.130)

0.734 (0.477–1.130)

0.958 (0.681–1.349)

1.208 (0.865–1.687)

0.909 (0.666–1.242)

 Not a big problem

1.315 (0.960–1.801)

1.369 (0.971–1.930)

1.369 (0.971–1.930)

1.315 (0.960–1.801)

1.131 (0.836–1.530)

1.262 (0.959–1.660)

 No problem (ref)

      

Difficulty with distance/transport on health needs

 Big problem

0.941 (0.632–1.401)

1.250 (0.819–1.907)

1.250 (0.819–1.907)

0.941 (0.632–1.401)

1.027 (0.706–1.494)

0.986 (0.702–1.386)

 Not a big problem

0.792 (0.596–1.053)

0.671 (0.486–0.928)*

0.671 (0.486–0.928)

0.792 (0.596–1.053)

0.712 (0.543–0.934)*

0.766 (0.596–0.983)*

 No problem (ref)

      

Difficulty with money/permission on getting health

 Big problem

0.890 (0.593–1.333)

1.207 (0.727–2.003)

1.207 (0.727–2.003)

0.890 (0.593–1.333)

1.036 (0.683–1.570)

0.874 (0.607–1.259)

 Not a big problem

0.723 (0.473–1.105)

1.290 (0.764–2.179)

1.290 (0.764–2.179)

0.723 (0.473–1.105)

0.835 (0.543–1.284)

0.784 (0.536–1.147)

 No problem (ref)

      

No provider/female provider available

 Big problem

0.953 (0.689–1.317)

1.378 (0.944–2.012)

1.378 (0.944–2.012)

0.953 (0.689–1.317)

1.086 (0.798–1.479)

1.037 (0.778–1.383)

 Not a big problem

1.543 (0.949–2.507)

2.284 (1.319–3.955)*

2.284 (1.319–3.955)

1.543 (0.949–2.507)*

0.869 (0.550–1.375)

1.348 (0.883–2.057)

 No problem (ref)

      

Regression statistics

observations

2147

2147

2147

2147

   –2LL Ratio

3939.823

3879.066

2270.445

2604.792

   –Pseudo R square

0.176

0.179

0.372

0.127

   –P values

0.000

0.000

0.217

0.407

  1. (ref)-all reference categories included in analysis *** p = 0.000, ** p ≤ 0.001, * p ≤ 0.0