Systematic review of factors influencing length of stay in ICU after adult cardiac surgery

Table 2 Predictors of ICU LOS after cardiac surgery

Predictive factors	Reference	Predictive factors	Reference
Patient related factors		Arrhythmia / Atrial fibrillation	[5, 9, 16, 20, 21, 28, 34, 35]
Increased age	[11, 23, 24, 28, 34, 36] [5, 8, 16, 18, 20, 26]	Low Ejection Fraction	[21, 34, 36] [20, 22, 29]
Gender	[6, 16]	Left ventricular dysfunction	[17, 37]
BMI	[20, 38]	NYHA class III-IV	[6, 16, 25, 34, 36]
Body service area	None	Chronic heart failure	[11, 21, 24]
Smoking	[20, 39]	Critical preoperative state	[34]
Platelet count	[28]	Hypoactive delirium	[14]
hyperglycaemia	[35]	Surgical factors
High preoperative serum creatinine	[15, 17, 35]	Non-elective surgery	[16, 17, 20, 23–25, 29, 36, 37]
Fat-free mass index	[40]	Type of surgery	[14, 16]
Plasma disappearance rate of indocyanine green	[18]	CPB use	[20]
Previous cardiac surgery	[5, 24, 36, 37]	Bypass time	[23–25]
Comorbidities		Cross clamp time	[38]
Hypertension	[5, 20, 23]	Combined surgery	[34]
COPD	[11, 21, 23, 24, 34, 36]	Intra-aortic balloon pump	[16, 24]
Diabetes	[20, 39]	Blood transfusion	[7, 12, 24]
Insulin-dependent diabetes	[21]	Inotropes support	[7, 16, 25, 28]
Hypercholesterolemia	[20]	Triple vessel or left main disease	[36]
Recent Myocardial infarction	[36]	Complications
Renal failure/ dysfunction	[11, 21, 22, 29, 36, 41]	Reoperation for bleeding	[26]
Unstable Angina	[37]	Pulmonary	None
Pulmonary hypertension	[37]	Cardiac	None
Angina class IV	[20]	Neurological	[22]
Peripheral vascular disease	[20, 24, 36]	Infection	[13]
		Renal complications	None

Abbreviation: COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, BMI Body Mass Index, CPB Cardiopulmonary bypass machine

ISSN: 1472-6963