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Table 3 Predictors of hospital admission among patients presenting to ED with hypertension as the primary diagnosis

From: Emergency Department and Inpatient Healthcare utilization due to Hypertension

 

Univariate

Multivariable-adjusted

 

Odds ratioa (95 % CI)

Odds ratioa (95 % CI)

Age

 <50

Ref

Ref

 50- <65

1.33 (1.28, 1.38)***

0.90 (0.86, 0.94)***

 65- <80

1.60 (1.52, 1.68)***

0.74 (0.69, 0.79)***

 ≥80

2.26 (2.12, 2.40)***

0.91 (0.83, 0.98)*

Gender

 Female

Ref

Ref

 Male

1.19 (1.15, 1.23)***

0.93 (0.89, 0.97)**

Median household income

 1st quartile (< $38,999)

Ref

Ref

 2nd quartile ($39,000 to $47,999)

0.95 (0.88, 1.02)

0.96 (0.88, 1.04)

 3rd quartile ($48,000 to $62999)

1.00 (0.91, 1.10)

0.95 (0.85, 1.06)

 4th quartile ($63,000 or more)

1.11 (1.00, 1.25)

0.95 (0.84, 1.09)

Primary payer

 Medicare (ref)

Ref

Ref

 Medicaid

0.79 (0.74, 0.85)***

1.14 (1.02, 1.27)

 Private insurance

0.45 (0.43, 0.47)***

0.99 (0.92, 1.07)

 Self-pay/No charge

0.36 (0.33, 0.40)***

0.96 (0.87, 1.06)

 Other

0.56 (0.47, 0.66)***

1.21 (1.01, 1.44)*

Patient location (residence)

 Micropolitan/not metro

Ref

Ref

 Metro (large or small)

1.84 (1.65, 2.04)***

1.68 (1.50, 1.90)***

Hospital Region

 Northeast

Ref

Ref

 Midwest

0.75 (0.62, 0.91)*

0.62 (0.51, 0.75)***

 South

0.75 (0.63, 0.88)*

0.67 (0.54, 0.81)***

 West

0.73 (0.61, 0.88)***

0.51 (0.40, 0.65)***

Teaching status of hospital

 Metropolitan non-teaching or non-metro

Ref

Ref

 Metropolitan teaching

1.37 (1.22, 1.54)***

1.04 (0.89, 1.21)

Comorbidities

 CHD (ref: no)

7.27 (6.84, 7.72)***

2.80 (2.64, 2.97)***

 Hyperlipidemia (ref: no)

4.90 (4.55, 5.26)***

3.27 (3.03, 3.54)***

 Renal failure (ref: no)

14.08 (12.83, 15.46)***

7.52 (6.86, 8.25)***

 Heart Failure (ref: no)

22.38 (20.58, 24.34)***

8.55 (7.86, 9.30)***

 Gout (ref: no)

5.52 (4.96, 6.15)***

1.86 (1.60, 2.18)***

 Diabetes (ref: no)

3.57 (3.42, 3.73)***

1.51 (1.44, 1.58)***

 COPD (ref: no)

5.62 (5.24, 6.02)***

2.09 (1.94, 2.24)***

 Osteoarthritis (ref: no)

5.64 (4.92, 6.45)

3.76 (3.18, 4.44)***

  1. CHD, coronary heart disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval
  2. aOdds ratio from the logistic regression
  3. *p-value <0.05; **p-value <0.01; ***p-value <0.001; Significant odds ratios are in bold