Study | Topic | Primary topic | Sample & setting | Design & data collection methods | Assessment of variables | Analyses | Findings | Outcomes & effect sizes | Quality scored |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arakawa et al., 2011 [98] | Relationships between nurses’ work, health, and lifestyle characteristics and medical errors and incidents | yes | 6445 nurses, 99 hospitals, Japan | Cross sectional self-report questionnaire | Well-being: SF-36 scales mental health and vitalitya Patient safety: Number of incidents and errors during the previous 6 months | Logistic regression | No association between 1) mental health 2) vitality and medical errors and incidents | 1) NS 2) NS | 9 (16) |
Arimura et al., 2010 [99] | Relationships between work characteristics, sleepiness, mental health state and self-reported medical errors | yes | 454 nurses, 2 general hospitals, Japan | Cross sectional self- report questionnaire | Well-being: GHQ-28a, daytime sleepiness (Epworth sleepiness scale) Patient safety: medical errors during past month | Multiple logistic regression | 1) Poorer mental health is associated with higher occurrence of medical errors 2) Daytime sleepiness is not associated with higher occurrence of medical errors | 1) OR = 1.1, p < 0.05, 95 % CI 1.0 – 1.1 2) NS (8 predictors altogether) | 105 (16) |
Chen et al., 2013 [114] | Relationships between burnout, job satisfaction and medical malpractice | yes | 809 physicians, Taiwan | Cross-sectional self-report questionnaire | Well-being: MBIa Patient safety: experiences of medical malpractice | Univariate logistic regression | 1) Emotional exhaustion is associated with higher risk of medical malpractice, whereas 2) depersonalization and 3) personal accomplishment are associated with lower risk of medical malpractice | 1) OR = 1.50, 95 % CI 0.68 –1.95 2) OR = 0.74, 95 % CI 0.40 –1.36 3) OR = 0.76, 95 % CI 0.07 –1.05 | 6 (16) |
Cimiotti et al., 2012 [104] | Relationships between nurse staffing, burnout, and hospital infections | yes | 7076 nurses, 161 hospitals, USA | Cross-sectional self-report questionnaire, hospital records | Well-being: MBIa Patient safety: catheter-associated urinary tract & surgical site infections | Linear regression | Burnout is positively associated 1) catheter-associated urinary tract and 2) surgical site infections | 1) β = 0.82, p < .05 2) β = 1.56, p < .01 | 10.5 (16) |
Fahrenkopf et al., 2008 [106] | Relationships between depression, burnout, and medication errors | yes | 123 residents, 3 pediatric hospitals, USA | Cross-sectional self-report questionnaire, record review | Well-being: MBIa Patient safety: medical errors (self-report & chart reviews) | Cluster adj. Poisson analysis, Fisher’s exact test | 1) Burnt out residents perceive their number of errors to be higher than residents who are not burnt out 2) Burnt out residents are more likely to attribute errors to sleep deprivation 3) No significant differences in error rates detected in chart reviews between both groups | 1) Mhigh burnout = 2.3, Mlow burnout = 1.0, p = 0.002 2) 29 % vs. 10 %, p = 0.05 3) NS []b | 8 (16) |
Garrouste-Orgeas et al., 2015 [116] | Relationships between medical errors, burnout, depression, and safety culture | yes | 1534 nurses, physicians, & other healthcare staff, 31 ICUs, France | Cross-sectional self-report questionnaire, hospital records and observations | Well-being: MBIa Patient safety: Medical error | Negative binomial regression | Burnout is not associated with medical error | NS | 10.5 (15) |
Halbesleben et al., 2008 [22] | Relationships between nurse burnout and patient safety perceptions/reporting behavior | yes | 148 nurses, 1 hospital, USA | Cross sectional self- report questionnaire | Well-being: Emotional Exhaustion and Depersonalizationa Patient safety: AHRQ Patient Safety Culture Surveya & frequency of incident reports | Multiple linear regression | 1) Emotional exhaustion and depersonalization predict patient safety dimensions a) safety grade b) safety perception c) near-miss reporting frequency 2a) Emotional exhaustion and b) depersonalization do not predict patient safety dimension event reports | 1a) βexhaustion = −0.40, p < 0.01, βdepersonlization = −0.16, p < 0.05, R2 = 0.22, [f2 = 0.28]b,c 1b) βexhaustion = −0.84, p < 0.001, βdepersonlization = −0.26, p < 0.05, R2 = 0.36, [f2 = 0.56]b, c 1c) βexhaustion = −0.14, p < 0.05, βdepersonlization = −0.36, p < 0.01, R2 = 0.18, [f2 = 0.22]b, c 2a) NS 2b) NS | 13.5 (16) |
Halbesleben & Rathert, 2008 [107] | Relationship between physician burnout and patient satisfaction and patient recovery time after hospital discharge | yes | 178 patient and physician dyads, 1 hospital, USA | Cross-sectional self- report questionnaire | Well-being: MBIa, patients’ perception of physician depersonlization Patient safety: recovery time: 1-item patient self-report | Path analysis, Pearson’s correlation | 1) Good overall model fit 2) Positive correlation between patient recovery time and a) depersonalization b) but not emotional exhaustion c) or personal accomplishment 3) Positive correlation between patients’ perception of physician depersonalization and recovery time 4) No correlation between physician emotional exhaustion and recovery time | 1) GFI = 0.99, CFI = 1.00, NNFI = 1.02, AIC = −2.98, BIC = −8.45, RMSEA = 0.00 2a) r = 0.44, p < 0.05 2b) NS 2c) NS 3) r = 0.32, p < 0.05 4) NS | 12 (16) |
Hayashino et al., 2012 [108] | Hope moderates relationship between distress and medical errors | yes | 836 physicians, Japan | Longitudinal self-report questionnaire | Well-being: MBIa (time 1) Medical errors: self-report (time 2) | Poisson regression | High scores in 1) emotional exhaustion 2) depersonalization and low scores in 3) personal accomplishment at time 1 are associated with medical errors at time 2 | 1) IRR = 2.34, p < 0.0001 2) IRR = 2.72, p < 0.0001 3) IRR = 0.62, p = 0.001 | 9.5 (16) |
Hunziker et al., 2012 [109] | Influence of self-reported, biochemical and physiological stress on cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) performance | yes | 28 residents, teaching hospital, Switzerland | Self-report questionnaire, video observation of simulated resuscitation | Well-being: Stress/overload index (self-report; blood cortisol, heart rate) Patient safety: performance (time until CPR is started and hands-on time) | Multiple linear regression | 1) Stress/overload is positively associated with a) time to start CPR b) but not hands-on-time during resuscitation 2) Heart rate is positively associated with a) hands-on-time b) and negatively with time to start CPR during resuscitation 3a) Cortisol level and b) heart rate variability do not predict c) hands-on-time and d) time to start CPR 4) The difference of a) stress/overload b) cortisol level c) heart rate variability before to during resuscitation do not predict d) hands-on-time or e) time to start CPR 5) The difference of heart rate before to during resuscitation predicts a) hands-on-time and b) time to start CPR | 1a) β/B = 12.01, 95 % CI 0.65 – 23.36, p = 0.04 1b) NS 2a) β/B = 2.22, 95 % CI 0.53 – 3.92, p = 0.015 2b) β/B = −0.78, 95 % CI 1.44 to −0.11, p = 0.027 3 ac) NS 3ad) NS 3bc) NS 3bd) NS 4ad) NS 4ae) NS 4bd) NS 4be) NS 4 cd) NS 4ce) NS 5a) β/B = 2.73, 95 % CI 0.48 – 4.99, p = 0.022 5b) β/B = −1.12, 95 % CI −1.91 to −0.33, p = 0.01 (no information regarding standardization of coefficients) | 12.5 (15) |
Jones et al., 2012 [100] | Effect of incident seriousness and work-based support on negative positive affect | yes | 171 nurses, 4 hospitals, UK | Cross-sectional & longitudinal between & within-person design, diary study | Well-being: Positive & Negative Affect Scale (PANAS) and mood diary entriesa Patient safety: nurse-reported incidents | Random-effects multilevel model | 1) Interaction of incident occurrence and seriousness leads to elevated negative affect during remainder of shift 2a) Incident occurrence 2b) but not incident seriousness lead to reduced positive affect during remainder of shift | 1) β = 0.07, z = 3.5, p < 0.005 2a) β = −2.39, z = 1.99, p < 0.05 2b) NS | 13 (16) |
Kirwan et al., 2013 [105] | Relationships between working environment, burnout and patient safety | no | 1397 nurses, 108 wards, 30 hospitals, Ireland | Cross-sectional self-report questionnaire | Well-being: MBIa Patient safety: one item from AHRQa, adverse events | Multilevel regression | Emotional exhaustion on ward level does not predict 1) nurse-rated patient safety or 2) reporting of adverse events | 1) NS 2) NS | 12.5 (16) |
Klein et al., 2010 [110] | Relationship between burnout and self-reported quality of care | yes | 1311 surgeons, 489 hospitals, Germany | Cross sectional self- report questionnaire | Well-being: Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBIa) Patient safety: Quality of care: frequency of diagnostic and therapeutic errors (Chirurgisches Qualitätssiegel survey CQS) | Multivariate logistic regression | 1) Burnout is associated with 1a) lower quality of diagnosis/therapy 1b) more diagnostic errors 1c) more therapeutic errors among males 2) Unclear association of burnout with 2a) lower quality of diagnosis/therapy 2b) more diagnostic errors 2c) more therapeutic errors among females | 1a) OR = 1.71, 95 % CI 1.10 – 2.64 1b) OR = 1.94, 95 % CI 1.35 – 2.79 1c) OR = 2.56, 95 % CI 1.66 – 3.96 2a-c) contradictory information regarding significance in text and table | 10.5 (16) |
Maiden et al., 2011 [101] | Relationship between moral distress, compassion fatigue, and causes of medication errors | yes | 205 nurses, ICU, USA | Cross sectional self-report questionnaire, focus group | Well-being: Moral distress scalea Compassion fatigue: Professional Quality of Life Scalea Patient safety: Medication Administration Error Surveya | Pearson’s correlation | 1) Positive correlation between moral distress and a) transcription related medication errors and b) physician communication related medication errors c) but not with medication packaging d) pharmacy processes 2) Compassion fatigue is positively correlated with a) transcription related medication errors but not with medication error due to b) physician communication c) medication packaging d) pharmacy processes | 1a) r = 0.20, p = 0.05 1b) r = 0.24, p = 0.01 1c) NS 1d) NS 2a) r = 0.15, p = 0.05 2b) NS 2c) NS 2d) NS | 9 (16) |
Merlani et al., 2011 [13] | Relationships between hospital, patient, and clinician characteristics and burnout/stress | yes | 3052 physicians, nurses, and nurse-assistants, 74 ICUs, Switzerland | Cross-sectional self-report questionnaire, record review | Well-being: MBIa, 1 stress item Patient safety: mortality rates and length of stay (unit records) | Multivariate logistic regression | 1) Mortality is associated with higher level of burnout 2) Length of stay is not associated with burnout | 1) OR = 1.060, p = 0.04, 95 % CI 1.003 – 1.120 2) NS | 12.5 (16) |
Prins et al., 2009 [97] | Relationships between self-reported errors, burnout, and engagement | yes | 2115 residents, The Netherlands | Cross-sectional self- report questionnaire | Well-being: Utrecht Burnout Scale (UBOS)a, Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES)a Patient safety: medical errors | Pearson’s correlation | 1) Errors due to wrong actions/inexperience a) are positively correlated with emotional exhaustion b) depersonalization c) and negatively correlated with personal accomplishment 2) Errors due to wrong actions/inexperience are not correlated with d) vigor e) dedication f) absorption 3) Errors due to lack of time a) are positively correlated with emotional exhaustion b) depersonalization c) and negatively correlated with personal accomplishment 4) Errors due to lack of time are negatively correlated with a) vigor b) dedication c) absorption | 1a) r = 0.20, p < 0.001 1b) r = 0.29, p < 0.001 1c) r = −0.05, p < 0.001 2a) NS 2b) NS 2c) NS 3a) r = 0.43, p < 0.001 3b) r = 0.42, p < 0.001 3c) r = −0.08, p < 0.001 4a) r = −0.23, p < 0.001 4b) r = −0.24, p < 0.001 4c) r = −0.11, p < 0.001 | 10.5 (16) |
Ramanujam et al., 2008 [102] | Relationship between nurses’ work characteristics, burnout, and patient safety | yes | 430 nurses, 2 hospitals, USA | Cross sectional self- report questionnaire | Well-being: Not described, although it can be deducted from the paper that the MBIa was used Patient safety: nurses’ safety perception | Path analysis | 1) Unsatisfactory initial model fit statistics, final model statistics not reported 2) Positive association between depersonalization and perceived patient safety 3) No association between emotional exhaustion and perceived patient safety | 1) χ2 = 1100.60, df = 455, χ2/df = 2.419, CFI = 0.876, RMSEA = 0.058 2) β = 0.189, p < 0.001 3) NS | 8.5 (16) |
Shanafelt et al., 2002 [112] | Prevalence of burnout in medical residents and the relationship to self-reported patient care practices | yes | 115 internal medicine residents, USA | Cross sectional self- report questionnaire | Well-being: MBIa Patient safety: self-developed patient care practices measure | Stepwise logistic regression | 1) Overall burnout score is associated with higher levels of a) monthly b) weekly suboptimal patient care practices 2) Depersonalization is associated with higher levels of a) monthly b) weekly suboptimal patient care practices 3) No associations between a) emotional exhaustion b) personal accomplishment and c) monthly d) weekly suboptimal patient care practices | 1a) OR = 8.3, p < 0.001, 95 % CI 2.6 – 26.5 1b) OR = 4.0, p = 0.036, 95 % CI 1.1 – 14.2 2a) OR = 5.8, p < 0.001, 95 % CI 2.2 – 15.4 2b) OR = 2.8, p = 0.041, 95 % CI 1.1 – 7.7 3 ac) NS 3ad) NS 3bc) NS 3bd) NS | 10.5 (16) |
Shanafelt et al., 2010 [111] | Relationship between burnout, quality of life, depression and perceived major medical errors | yes | 7905 surgeons, USA | Cross sectional self- report questionnaire | Well-being: MBIa Patient safety: medical errors | Logistic regression | 1a) Emotional exhaustion and b) depersonalization are associated with higher odds of reporting an error 2) Personal accomplishment is associated with lower odds of reporting an error | 1a) OR = 1.048, p < 0.0001, 95 % CI 1.042 – 1.055 1b) OR = 1.109, p < 0.0001, 95 % CI 1.096 – 1.122 2) OR = 0.965, p < 0.0001, 95 % CI 0.955 – 0.975 | 9 (16) |
Squires et al., 2010 [103] | Relationships between nurse leadership, work environment, safety climate, and nurse and patient outcomes | no | 600 acute care nurses, USA | Cross sectional self- report questionnaire | Well-being: Emotional Exhaustiona Patient safety: medication errors and ulcers | Path analysis | 1) Very good final model fit 2) No association between pressure ulcers and emotional exhaustion 3) Positive association between medication errors and emotional exhaustion | 1) χ2 = 217.6, p < 0.001, SRMR = 0.054, CFI = 0.947, RMSEA = 0.047, PCLOSE = 0.67 2) NS 3) β = 0.14, p < 0.05 | 12 (16) |
Teng et al., 2010 [14] | Interactions between time pressure and burnout on patient safety | yes | 458 nurses, 90 units, 2 medical centers, Taiwan | Cross sectional self- report questionnaire | Well-being: MBIa Patient safety: frequency of adverse events scale | Multiple linear regression | 1) Burnout negatively predicts patient safety 2) The interaction of burnout and time pressure negatively predict adverse events | 1) β = −0.25, p = 0.00 2) β = −0.08, p = 0.03 R2 = 0.06 [f2 = 0.06]b, c (7 predictors altogether) | 13 (16) |
Welp et al., 2015 [117] | Relationships between burnout, demographic and unit characteristics, and patient safety | yes | 1425 nurses and physicians, 54 intensive care units, Switzerland | Cross-sectional self-report questionnaire, hospital records | Well-being: MBIa Patient safety: standardized mortality ratios, length of stay, clinician-rated patient safety | Hierarchical (multilevel) linear regression | 1a) Emotional exhaustion and 1b) depersonalization are negatively associated with clinician-rated patient safety; c) personal accomplishment is positively associated with clinician-rated patient safety 2a) Emotional exhaustion, but not 2b) depersonalization or 2c) personal accomplishment is positively associated with standardized mortality ratios 3a) Emotional exhaustion, 3b) depersonalization, and 3c) personal accomplishment are not associated with length of stay | 1a) B = −0.13, p < .001 1b) B = −0.07, p < .05 1c) B = 0.16, p < .01 2a) β = 0.39, p < .05 2b) NS 2c) NS 3a) NS 2b) NS 2c) NS | 15 (16) |
West et al., 2006 [113] | Relationships between distress, quality of life and medical errors | yes | 184 internal medicine residents, teaching hospital, USA | Longitudinal cohort study, self-report questionnaire | Well-being: MBIa, fatigue and sleepiness: 2 items Patient safety: medical errors | Generalized estimation equations (GEE) | 1) Higher levels of a) emotional exhaustion b) depersonalization are associated with major medical errors in the c) previous d) following 3 months 2) Lower levels of personal accomplishment are associated with higher levels of major medical error in the a) previous b) following 3 months | 1 ac) PE = 4.58, p = 0.002 1bc) PE = 2.45, p = 0.002 1ad) OR = 1.07, p = < 0.001, 95 % CI 1.03 – 1.12 1bd) OR = 1.10, p = 0.001, 95 % CI 1.04 – 1.16 2a) PE = −2.59, p = 0.002 2b) OR = 0.93, p = 0.02, 95 % CI 0.88 – 0.99 | 12 (16) |
West et al., 2009 [23] | Relationships between fatigue, distress, and medical errors | yes | 380 internal medicine residents, teaching hospital, USA | Longitudinal cohort study, self-report questionnaire | Well-being: MBIa, fatigue and sleepiness: 2 items Patient safety: medical errors | Generalized estimation equations (GEE) | Higher levels of 1) sleepiness 2) fatigue 3) emotional exhaustion 4) depersonalization and 5) lower levels of personal accomplishment are associated with subsequent medical errors | 1) OR = 1.10, p = 0.002, 95 % CI 1.03 – 1.16 2) OR = 1.14, p < 0.001, 95 % CI 1.08 – 1.21 3) OR = 1.06, p < 0.001, 95 % CI 1.04 – 1.08 4) OR = 1.09, p < 0.001, 95 % CI 1.05 – 1.12 5) OR = 0.94, p < 0.001, 95 % CI 0.92 – 0.97 | 13 (16) |
Wetzel et al., 2010 [115] | Relationships between stress and surgical performance | yes | 30 surgeons, 1 hospital, UK | Cross-sectional self-report questionnaire, observation of simulated operations | Well-being: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)a, heart rate, cortisol, oberver rating Patient safety: OTASa, End Product Assessment Rating Scale (EPA) | Linear regression | Non-crisis simulation: No relationship between 1) STAI 2) heart rate 3) cortisol 4) observer stress rating and a) OTAS b) EPA Crisis simulation: 5) no results reported on relationships between the above variables 6) Interaction between low experience and “stress” (not clear how variable was calculated) predicts lower a) EPA and b) OTAS | 1a) NS 1b) NS 2a) NS 2b) NS 3a) NS 3b) NS 4a) NS 4b) NS 5) N/A 6a) β = .54, p < .01 6b) β = .65, p < .001 | 10 (15) |