Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants by study groups

Mean age, y (SD)

66 (10.3)

58.48 (8.3)

<0.001*

Median age, y (IQR)

68 (60.3, 72.0)

59 (52.3, 64.0)

<0.001*

Age (y), n (%)

<0.01*

 40-59

12 (24.0)

26 (52.0)

 60-74

28 (56.0)

22 (44.0)

  ≥ 75

10 (20.0)

2 (4.0)

Men, n (%)

22 (44.0)

25 (50.0)

0.69

Ethnicity, n (%)

<0.001*

 Chinese

47 (94.0)

23 (46.0)

 Malay

2 (4.0)

16 (32.0)

 Indian

1 (2.0)

10 (20.0)

 Mixed ethnicity

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

 Other

0 (0.0)

1 (2.0)

Religion, n (%)

<0.001*

 No religion

6 (12.0)

0 (0.0)

 Buddhism

31 (62.0)

6 (12.0)

 Taoism

5 (10.0)

2 (4.0)

 Christian

4 (8.0)

12 (24.0)

 Muslim

3 (6.0)

20 (40.0)

 Hindu

0 (0.0)

4 (8.0)

 Other

1 (2.0)

6 (12.0)

Education level, n (%)

<0.001*

 Less than Primary

31 (62.0)

6 (12.0)

 Greater than Primary and less than Secondary

3 (6.0)

0 (0.0)

 Secondary

11 (22.0)

29 (58.0)

 More than Secondary

5 (10.0)

15 (30.0)

House, n (%)

0.04*

 Owner

39 (78.0)

47 (94.0)

 Live on rent/Other

11 (10.0)

3 (2.0)

Heart Disease, n (%)

2 (4.0)

2 (4.0)

1.00

Diabetes, n (%)

6 (12.0)

12 (24.0)

0.19

Stroke, n (%)

3 (6.0)

1 (2.0)

0.62