Table 2 ᅟDescription of interventions and outcomes

Comellas (2010) [25], United States

5 sessions

Diagnosis, self-management, goal setting, sexual health

Goal setting

Physical and nutrition self-care activities and overall well-being.

Surveys (SDSCA measure), World Health Organization 5-item Well-Being Scale,

Comparisons were made from baseline data to evaluate change from pre to post intervention

Crogan, Evans & Bendel (2008)^a, [24] United States

12 weekly sessions, 1.5 h long

Diagnosis, living with disease, loss of control, relationships, death

N/A

Pain

McGill Pain Questionnaire

Repeated measures analysis of variance

Stress

Index of Clinical Stress, Cantril’s Ladder

Self-efficacy

Physical Self-Efficacy Scale

Mood

Satisfaction with Life Scale, Brief Depression Rating Scale

Coping

Index of Clinical Stress, Cantril’s Ladder

Satisfaction with Life

Satisfaction with Life Scale, Brief Depression Rating Scale

Evans, Crogan & Bendel (2008)^a, [37] United States

12 weekly sessions, 1.5 h long

Coping, control issues, life, hope, desires, fear, relationships

N/A

Healing for clients and their relationships; finding meaning in & transforming suffering; acceptance of life journey, including death

Index of Clinical Stress

Exit Interviews, Facilitator debriefing questionnaires

Cantril’s Ladder

McGill Pain Questionnaire

Satisfaction With Life Scale

Brief Depression Rating Scale

Other qualitative data

Exit Interview

Ability of the nurse facilitator to effectively implement storytelling techniques and differentiate storytelling group from the control group

Facilitator Debriefing Questionnaire

Greenhalgh et al. (2011a)^b, [12] United Kingdom

72 biweekly sessions, 2 h long

Feeding the family, medication, dealing with doctors

Pills, food samples

Primary outcome (a composite of blood pressure, smoking status, lipid ratio, atrial fibrillation, and HbA1c)

UKPDS (UK Prospective Diabetes Study) coronary risk score

Statistical comparison

Secondary outcomes included attendance

Observation

Secondary outcomes included HbA1c

Blood test

Secondary outcomes included well-being

Psychometric questionnaire

Secondary outcomes included confidence in managing and living with illness

Patient Enablement Instrument (PEI)

Greenhalgh, Collard & Begum (2005b), [26] United Kingdom

Unknown

Diagnosis, diet, exercise, check-ups, medications, shopping, feelings

Pills, insulin, glucose meters, letters, activities (eg. self-monitoring, cooking, trying exercises, looking at shoes)

Mean Glucose Concentration

Blood test

Constant comparative method

Greenhalgh et al. (2011b), [15] United Kingdom

13 biweekly sessions, 2 h long

Diagnosis, weight loss, diet, exercise, medication

Food samples, glucose meters, artifacts (eg. hospital letters, tablets), exercising, group trips

Stories told How stories inform program design

Ritchie & Spencer’s ‘framework’ method Narrative analysis Interpretive analysis

Ritchie & Spencer ‘Framework’ (2003), Narrative analysis and Interpretive analysis using Bakhtin’s (1981) dialogical approach and Riessman’s (2008) notion of storytelling as performance

Koch & Kralik (2001), [28] Australia

10 sessions (40 h of contact)

Sex, incontinence, life with disease

Creating, implementing, and evaluating plans of action

Cycles of look, think, act in PAR approach

Observation

By research team concurrently with data generation

Piana (2010), [20] Italy

9 days (2 h autobiographical approach, 1.5 h diabetes self-management education)

Diagnosis, challenges of living with diabetes, relationship with food, relationship with one’s own body, with others and self care.

Writing, communication through songs, poems, readings, images, drawings and creative workshops

Stress reduction, change in self-perception, perception of relationships with others and with the disease itself

Questionnaires with open ended questions

Qualitative analysis on the open-ended questions

Sitvast (2013) [27], the Netherlands

8 weekly sessions

Family, friends, pets, hobbies, independence, jobs

Photos, goal setting and planning activities

Moral Learning Self-Motivation Action

Framework of methodological steps

Structural analysis on a meta level grounded in the tradition of interpretivism and ethnography

Struthers et al. (2003) [17], United States

12 sessions

Diabetes (perceptions, facts, prevention), nutrition (basics, preparation traditional foods), healthy lifestyles (physical, emotional, family, community)

Flip charts, visual aids, symbolic item (eg. feather or rock)

Individual anthropometrics Participant experience

Pretest (introductory session) & post-test (final session) for individual anthropometrics Clinic health charts also reviewed, Interviews

Comparative, Phenomenological, Verification from participants