From: Physician drug dispensing in Switzerland: association on health care expenditures and utilization
Target variable | Number of different active agents | Share of generics | Pharmaceutical expenditure | Pharmaceutical exp. and pharmacists’ fees |
---|---|---|---|---|
Specification | Glm, log link, negative binom. Family | Logit | glm, log link, gamma family | glm, log link, gamma family |
PD | 1.025(0.004)*** | 1.245(0.023)*** | 0.928 (0.011)*** | 0.86 (0.01)*** |
Age | 1.002(0)*** | 0.995(0.001)*** | 1.004 (0)*** | 1.004 (0)*** |
Gender = m | 0.957(0.003)*** | 1.18(0.02)*** | 1.107 (0.013)*** | 1.111 (0.013)*** |
PPO-contract | 1.022(0.006)*** | 0.992(0.031) | 0.944 (0.019). | 0.941 (0.019)** |
Telemedicine contract | 0.973(0.005)*** | 0.994(0.026) | 0.949 (0.017)*** | 0.942 (0.016)*** |
HMO contract | 0.996(0.004) | 1.123(0.022)*** | 0.935 (0.012)*** | 0.927 (0.012)*** |
High deductible | 0.871(0.004)*** | 1.123(0.023)*** | 0.803 (0.011)*** | 0.801 (0.011)*** |
Cost in previous year (log) | 1.049(0.001)*** | 0.936(0.004)*** | 1.171 (0.003)*** | 1.170 (0.003)*** |
Nursing home stay | 0.989(0.008) | 0.962(0.063) | 0.960 (0.033)* | 0.968 (0.033) |
Outpatient hospital visits 1-5 | 1.184(0.004)*** | 0.846(0.019)*** | 1.151 (0.016)*** | 1.150 (0.016)*** |
Outpatient hospital visits > 5 | 1.182(0.009)*** | 0.81(0.045)*** | 1.198 (0.038)*** | 1.201 (0.037)*** |
Inpatient stay in hospital | 1.066(0.006)*** | 0.782(0.032)*** | 1.081 (0.025)*** | 1.085 (0.024)*** |
Prescriptions psychiatrists | 0.907(0.01) *** | 1.125(0.065)* | 1.814 (0.069)*** | 1.775 (0.066)*** |
Prescriptions cardio-/angiologists | 1.002(0.034) | 0.603(0.099)** | 1.163 (0.125)* | 1.132 (0.119)*** |
Prescriptions gynaeologists | 1.091(0.01)*** | 0.311(0.016)*** | 1.283 (0.035)*** | 1.279 (0.034)*** |
Prescriptions other specialists | 1.132(0.006)*** | 0.478(0.013)*** | 1.865 (0.032)*** | 1.821 (0.03)*** |
Agricultural municipalities | 1.067(0.147) | 0.638(0.377) | 1.005 (0.415) | 1.012 (0.408) |
Affluent municipalities | 1.067(0.147) | 0.573(0.049)*** | 0.954 (0.058) | 0.96 (0.057) |
Industrial and tertiary municipalities | 1.064(0.019)*** | 0.917(0.086) | 0.949 (0.064) | 0.95 (0.063) |
Rural commuting municipalities | 1.048(0.021)* | 0.825(0.08)* | 1.002 (0.069) | 1.002 (0.068) |
Periurban municipalities | 1.016(0.021) | 0.813(0.068)* | 0.952 (0.057) | 0.956 (0.056) |
Suburban municipalities | 1.019(0.018) | 0.691(0.056)*** | 0.934 (0.055) | 0.941 (0.054) |
Touristic municipalities | 1.052(0.018)** | 0.883(0.195) | 0.644 (0.095) | 0.649 (0.094)** |
Urban centers | 0.961(0.044) | 0.774(0.063)** | 0.882 (0.052) | 0.896 (0.052) |
22 pharmaceutical cost groups | all coefficients strongly positive | most coefficients negative | all coefficients strongly positive | all coefficients strongly positive |