Skip to main content

Table 5 Results of the multivariate regression analysis of the impact of physician dispensing (PD) on drug utilization

From: Physician drug dispensing in Switzerland: association on health care expenditures and utilization

Target variable

Number of different active agents

Share of generics

Pharmaceutical expenditure

Pharmaceutical exp. and pharmacists’ fees

Specification

Glm, log link, negative binom. Family

Logit

glm, log link, gamma family

glm, log link, gamma family

PD

1.025(0.004)***

1.245(0.023)***

0.928 (0.011)***

0.86 (0.01)***

Age

1.002(0)***

0.995(0.001)***

1.004 (0)***

1.004 (0)***

Gender = m

0.957(0.003)***

1.18(0.02)***

1.107 (0.013)***

1.111 (0.013)***

PPO-contract

1.022(0.006)***

0.992(0.031)

0.944 (0.019).

0.941 (0.019)**

Telemedicine contract

0.973(0.005)***

0.994(0.026)

0.949 (0.017)***

0.942 (0.016)***

HMO contract

0.996(0.004)

1.123(0.022)***

0.935 (0.012)***

0.927 (0.012)***

High deductible

0.871(0.004)***

1.123(0.023)***

0.803 (0.011)***

0.801 (0.011)***

Cost in previous year (log)

1.049(0.001)***

0.936(0.004)***

1.171 (0.003)***

1.170 (0.003)***

Nursing home stay

0.989(0.008)

0.962(0.063)

0.960 (0.033)*

0.968 (0.033)

Outpatient hospital visits 1-5

1.184(0.004)***

0.846(0.019)***

1.151 (0.016)***

1.150 (0.016)***

Outpatient hospital visits > 5

1.182(0.009)***

0.81(0.045)***

1.198 (0.038)***

1.201 (0.037)***

Inpatient stay in hospital

1.066(0.006)***

0.782(0.032)***

1.081 (0.025)***

1.085 (0.024)***

Prescriptions psychiatrists

0.907(0.01) ***

1.125(0.065)*

1.814 (0.069)***

1.775 (0.066)***

Prescriptions cardio-/angiologists

1.002(0.034)

0.603(0.099)**

1.163 (0.125)*

1.132 (0.119)***

Prescriptions gynaeologists

1.091(0.01)***

0.311(0.016)***

1.283 (0.035)***

1.279 (0.034)***

Prescriptions other specialists

1.132(0.006)***

0.478(0.013)***

1.865 (0.032)***

1.821 (0.03)***

Agricultural municipalities

1.067(0.147)

0.638(0.377)

1.005 (0.415)

1.012 (0.408)

Affluent municipalities

1.067(0.147)

0.573(0.049)***

0.954 (0.058)

0.96 (0.057)

Industrial and tertiary municipalities

1.064(0.019)***

0.917(0.086)

0.949 (0.064)

0.95 (0.063)

Rural commuting municipalities

1.048(0.021)*

0.825(0.08)*

1.002 (0.069)

1.002 (0.068)

Periurban municipalities

1.016(0.021)

0.813(0.068)*

0.952 (0.057)

0.956 (0.056)

Suburban municipalities

1.019(0.018)

0.691(0.056)***

0.934 (0.055)

0.941 (0.054)

Touristic municipalities

1.052(0.018)**

0.883(0.195)

0.644 (0.095)

0.649 (0.094)**

Urban centers

0.961(0.044)

0.774(0.063)**

0.882 (0.052)

0.896 (0.052)

22 pharmaceutical cost groups

all coefficients strongly positive

most coefficients negative

all coefficients strongly positive

all coefficients strongly positive

  1. Target variable per patient, first 6 months of year 2013. Exponential of coefficients [exp(̂β)] displayed
  2. Standard errors calculated by the delta method [se exp(β) = exp(β)] se β, displayed in parentheses
  3. Significance levels: ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05
  4. Source: Claims data from Helsana insurance company, own calculations