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Table 1 Rates of invasive pneumococcal disease and all-cause pneumonia among healthy, at risk, and high-risk persons

From: Rates and costs of invasive pneumococcal disease and pneumonia in persons with underlying medical conditions

    

Invasive Pneumococcal Disease

All cause pneumonia

 

No. of person-years

Age <18 years

Age 18–64 years

Age ≥65 years

Age <18 years

Age 18–64 years

Age ≥65 years

 

Age <18 years

Age 18–64 years

Age ≥65 years

Rate per 100 K

Rate ratiosa (95 % CI)

Rate per 100 K

Rate ratiosa (95 % CI)

Rate per 100 K

Rate ratiosa (95 % CI)

Rate per 100 K

Rate ratiosa (95 % CI)

Rate per 100 K

Rate ratiosa (95 % CI)

Rate per 100 K

Rate ratiosa (95 % CI)

Risk Group

               

Healthy

24,406,759

63,445,448

5,389,930

2.5

--

2.7

--

8.3

--

587

--

458

--

1874

--

At-Risk

2,002,374

13,368,935

4,579,505

5.9

2.4 (2.0–2.9)

9.3

3.4 (3.2–3.7)

23.0

2.8 (2.5–3.1)

1801

3.1 (3.0–3.1)

1652

3.6 (3.6–3.6)

5662

3.0 (3.0–3.0)

 Alcoholism

4591

333,634

23,905

0.0

--

20.4

7.5 (5.9–9.6)

41.8

5.0 (2.7–9.4)

501

0.9 (0.6–1.3)

2109

4.6 (4.5–4.7)

7400

3.9 (3.8–4.1)

 Asthma

1,252,480

2,185,510

362,183

3.7

1.5 (1.1–2.0)

9.6

3.6 (3.1–4.1)

34.2

4.1 (3.4–5.0)

1718

2.9 (2.9–3.0)

2078

4.5 (4.5–4.6)

8570

4.6 (4.5–4.6)

 Chronic heart disease

136,206

3,082,998

2,363,798

13.9

5.7 (3.6–8.9)

11.5

4.3 (3.8–4.8)

26.6

3.2 (2.8–3.6)

3699

6.3 (6.1–6.5)

2533

5.5 (5.5–5.6)

7100

3.8 (3.8–3.8)

 Chronic liver disease

3759

292,697

50,540

26.6

10.8 (1.5–76.7)

24.6

9.1 (7.2–11.5)

53.4

6.4 (4.4–9.5)

3910

6.7 (5.7–7.8)

3002

6.6 (6.4–6.7)

7742

4.1 (4.0–4.3)

 Chronic lung disease

192,731

1,251,143

882,061

8.3

3.4 (2.0–5.5)

27.0

10.0 (8.9–11.2)

51.1

6.2 (5.4–7.0)

3488

5.9 (5.8–6.1)

4802

10.5 (10.4–10.6)

12,379

6.6 (6.6–6.7)

 Chronic use of oral steroids

22,508

275,267

65,775

13.3

5.4 (1.7–16.8)

8.0

3.0 (1.9–4.5)

15.2

1.8 (1.0–3.4)

1080

1.8 (1.6–2.1)

1164

2.5 (2.5–2.6)

3696

2.0 (1.9–2.1)

 Diabetes

88,848

5,721,158

2,267,133

5.6

2.3 (0.9–5.5)

9.5

3.5 (3.2–3.9)

21.1

2.5 (2.2–2.9)

808

1.4 (1.3–1.5)

1683

3.7 (3.6–3.7)

5266

2.8 (2.8–2.8)

 Down’s syndrome

20,657

7649

63

19.4

7.9 (2.9–21.0)

13.1

4.8 (0.7–34.4)

0.0

--

5514

9.4 (8.9–10.0)

2915

6.4 (5.6–7.3)

6316

3.4 (1.3–9.0)

 Neuromuscular/seizure disorders

193,657

507,134

104,864

11.9

4.8 (3.2–7.3)

12.8

4.7 (3.7–6.1)

38.1

4.6 (3.3–6.3)

2536

4.3 (4.2–4.4)

2254

4.9 (4.8–5.0)

8539

4.6 (4.5–4.7)

 Short gestation/low birthweight

249,576

34,580

90

12.0

4.9 (3.4–7.0)

5.8

2.1 (0.5–8.6)

0.0

--

2768

4.7 (4.6–4.8)

581

1.3 (1.1–1.5)

8864

4.7 (2.4–9.5)

 Rheumatoid arthritis/Crohn’s/Lupus

--

579,373

162,206

--

--

17.8

6.6 (5.4–8.0)

33.3

4.0 (3.0–5.3)

--

--

2131

4.7 (4.6–4.7)

6465

3.5 (3.4–3.5)

 Smokers

5019

2,128,945

180,504

0.0

--

12.5

4.6 (4.1–5.3)

34.9

4.2 (3.2–5.5)

777

1.3 (1.0–1.8)

1858

4.1 (4.0–4.1)

6691

3.6 (3.5–3.6)

High-Risk

119,692

3,062,400

1,774,181

48.5

19.6 (15.0–25.7)

26.3

9.7 (9.0–10.6)

36.7

4.4 (3.9–5.0)

3757

6.4 (6.2–6.6)

3094

6.8 (6.7–6.8)

7594

4.1 (4.0–4.1)

 Chronic renal failure

17,112

356,088

344,160

64.3

26.1 (14.4–47.3)

47.2

17.5 (14.9–20.5)

50.0

6.0 (5.0–7.2)

4202

7.2 (6.7–7.7)

5566

12.2 (12.0–12.3)

11,873

6.3 (6.3–6.4)

 Cochlear implant

1989

2517

1144

50.3

20.4 (2.9–145.0)

0.0

--

87.4

10.5 (1.5–74.8)

2062

3.5 (2.6–4.8)

1708

3.7 (2.8–5.0)

4544

2.4 (1.8–3.2)

 Congenital immunodeficiency

21,047

76,771

14,392

42.8

17.3 (9.0–33.5)

87.3

32.3 (25.3–41.2)

118.1

14.2 (8.8–23.1)

4409

7.5 (7.0–8.0)

5919

12.9 (12.6–13.3)

14,738

7.9 (7.5–8.2)

 Diseases of white blood cells

15,493

149,802

46,869

122.6

49.7 (31.5–78.5)

62.1

23.0 (18.6–28.3)

110.9

13.3 (10.0–17.8)

6048

10.3 (9.7–11.0)

6797

14.8 (14.6–15.1)

13,262

7.1 (6.9–7.3)

 Functional/anatomic asplenia

19,321

109,298

42,976

119.0

48.3 (31.8–73.2)

93.3

34.5 (28.3–42.2)

116.3

14.0 (10.5–18.7)

8566

14.6 (13.9–15.3)

8721

19.0 (18.7–19.4)

15,976

8.5 (8.3–8.7)

 HIV

1484

193,184

7306

0.0

--

46.6

17.2 (13.9–21.3)

27.4

3.3 (0.8–13.2)

2291

3.9 (2.8–5.5)

2457

5.4 (5.2–5.5)

6461

3.4 (3.2–3.8)

 Immuno. conditions/drugs

63,702

2,495,776

1,523,021

54.9

22.3 (15.8–31.3)

24.4

9.0 (8.2–9.9)

36.4

4.4 (3.9–5.0)

3595

6.1 (5.9–6.4)

3146

6.9 (6.8–6.9)

7248

3.9 (3.8–3.9)

  1. aRelative to healthy counterparts