From: Economic burden of multimorbidity among older adults: impact on healthcare and societal costs
 | Societal costs | Healthcare costs | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Independent variables | Exp. coeff | 95Â % CI | p-value | Association with total costs | Exp. coeff | 95Â % CI | p-value | Association with total costs | ||
Total number of morbidities | 1.67 | 1.50 | 1.86 | 0.001 | 67Â % | 1.53 | 1.38 | 1.70 | 0.001 | 53Â % |
Age Group | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  60–74 years | Ref. |  |  |  |  | Ref. |  |  |  |  |
  75–84 years | 1.79 | 1.25 | 2.58 | 0.002 | 79 % | 1.48 | 1.01 | 2.19 | 0.046 | 48 % |
  85+ years | 5.27 | 3.50 | 7.91 | 0.001 | 427 % | 3.61 | 2.16 | 6.03 | 0.001 | 261 % |
Gender | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Male | Ref. |  |  |  |  | Ref. |  |  |  |  |
  Female | 0.97 | 0.62 | 1.53 | 0.902 | −3 % | 0.98 | 0.64 | 1.51 | 0.933 | −2 % |
Ethnicity | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Chinese | Ref. |  |  |  |  | Ref. |  |  |  |  |
  Malay | 1.27 | 0.92 | 1.76 | 0.144 | 27 % | 0.94 | 0.66 | 1.34 | 0.729 | −6 % |
  Indian | 1.36 | 1.01 | 1.84 | 0.045 | 36 % | 1.20 | 0.85 | 1.69 | 0.310 | 20 % |
  Others | 3.14 | 0.99 | 9.95 | 0.052 | 214 % | 4.28 | 1.22 | 15.01 | 0.023 | 328 % |
Marital Status | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Never married | Ref. |  |  |  |  | Ref. |  |  |  |  |
  Married/Cohabiting | 0.78 | 0.32 | 1.94 | 0.599 | −22 % | 1.00 | 0.36 | 2.77 | 0.993 | 0 % |
  Widowed | 0.82 | 0.34 | 1.99 | 0.656 | −18 % | 0.83 | 0.30 | 2.34 | 0.727 | −17 % |
  Divorced/Separated | 0.58 | 0.20 | 1.63 | 0.300 | −42 % | 0.64 | 0.22 | 1.83 | 0.406 | −36 % |
Education | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  None | Ref. |  |  |  |  | Ref. |  |  |  |  |
  Some (did not complete primary) | 0.71 | 0.51 | 0.99 | 0.041 | −29 % | 0.79 | 0.55 | 1.15 | 0.215 | −21 % |
  Completed primary | 1.15 | 0.70 | 1.89 | 0.588 | 15 % | 1.34 | 0.81 | 2.22 | 0.261 | 34 % |
  Completed secondary | 1.60 | 0.88 | 2.89 | 0.121 | 60 % | 1.72 | 0.99 | 3.01 | 0.055 | 72 % |
  Completed tertiary | 1.19 | 0.72 | 1.97 | 0.495 | 19 % | 1.37 | 0.80 | 2.35 | 0.251 | 37 % |
Employment status | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Paid work (part-time and full-time) | Ref. |  |  |  |  | Ref. |  |  |  |  |
  Unemployed | 0.76 | 0.28 | 2.03 | 0.582 | −24 % | 0.89 | 0.30 | 2.66 | 0.833 | −11 % |
  Homemaker | 1.62 | 0.89 | 2.96 | 0.118 | 62 % | 0.93 | 0.56 | 1.53 | 0.767 | −7 % |
  Retired | 2.39 | 1.44 | 3.96 | 0.001 | 139 % | 1.33 | 0.82 | 2.18 | 0.251 | 33 % |
Constant | 1,493 | 583 | 3,826 | 0.001 | - | 1,251 | 425 | 3,685 | 0.001 | - |
Goodness of fit indices | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Adjusted R square | 0.072 | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.018 | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) | 4263.57 | Â | Â | Â | Â | 4040.45 | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) | 1346065 | Â | Â | Â | Â | 1124374 | Â | Â | Â | Â |