Table 2 First stage estimates: Variation in FFSE due to COPD patient characteristics and GP clinic fixed effect

 Age of patients with COPD

4.38^***

3.03^***

2.51^***

2.85^***

2.50^***

1.82^***

 Proportion of female patients

25.34^**

13.92

0.64

2.89

-1.10

0.43

 RUB 1

64.92^***

-1.29

-22.41^*

-13.20

2.352

 RUB 2

128.3^***

6.38

9.50

-7.25

16.57

 RUB 3

254.8^***

38.42^**

97.13^***

23.77

27.52^*

 RUB 4

398.3^***

104.1^***

206.4^***

84.11^**

18.51

 RUB 5

420.5^***

76.03

222.5^***

58.83

40.38

 A General and unspecified

53.44^***

36.36^***

4.38

 B Blood/immune system

29.38

27.03

-0.66

 D Digestive

53.68^***

51.86^***

2.16

 F Eye

24.29

15.48

-3.41

 H Ear

36.30^*

30.57^*

-3.12

 K Cardiovascular

74.37^***

71.82^***

23.20^**

 L Musculoskeletal

27.26^***

20.17^*

-22.65^***

 N Neurological

51.12^***

48.71^***

9.77

 P Psychological

74.71^***

72.18^***

35.59^***

 R Respiratory

62.57^***

48.76^***

7.85

 S Skin

55.55^***

39.59^***

-5.25

126.8^***

123.5^***

65.07^***

 U Urological

78.89^***

70.55^***

16.80

 W Pregnancy and Family Planning

46.34

44.86

22.53

 X Female Genital

17.39

12.11

-9.62

 Y Male genital

16.00

15.63

-7.82

 Z Social Problems

63.65^*

67.70^*

11.07

 Process codes

53.80^***

21.35

9.28

 Symptoms/complaints

52.13^***

11.05

1.11

 Infections

76.93^***

28.49^***

4.56

 Neoplasms

-1.04

-2.41

4.39

 Injuries

57.94^***

37.74^***

7.41

 Congenital anomalies

17.80

1.04

6.64

 Other diagnoses

79.75^***

13.32

-4.08

 Number of visits

21.64^***

 Number of diagnoses

4.04^**

 Constant

11.22

-84.83^***

-70.89^***

-85.57^***

-69.65^**

-73.62^***

  N

3973

3973

3973

3973

3973

3973

 Sigma u

75.13

72.86

81.27

70.64

76.95

51.22

 Sigma e

227.9

207.2

188.8

200.3

188.3

120.1

 rho

0.0980

0.110

0.156

0.111

0.143

0.154

 r2 o

0.0507

0.181

0.281

0.222

0.285

0.712

 N g

59

59

59

59

59

59