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Table 5 Multiple regression analysesa with health care costs as dependent variable and symptoms of frailty as main predictor variable

From: Associations of frailty with health care costs – results of the ESTHER cohort study

 

Models without comorbidity (1)

Models with comorbidity (2)

 

Total

Inpatientb

Outpatient

Pharmaceuticals

Nursing careb

Total

Inpatientb

Outpatient

Pharmaceuticals

Nursing careb

Low activity

302.39

137.64

2.75

98.58

36.96

98.51

40.34

−19.28

65.29

28.00

 

(116.48)**

(98.30)

(27.06)

(18.90)***

(17.99)*

(96.52)

(81.47)

(25.26)

(14.85)***

(15.07)

Exhaustion

816.48

457.81

83.66

73.89

42.65

664.33

391.67

66.72

44.05

30.23

 

(211.81)***

(165.88)**

(40.50)*

(22.85)**

(27.19)

(182.61)***

(148.53)**

(37.68)

(17.55)*

(21.54)

Slowness

93.23

69.43

−2.88

39.67

12.61

53.73

52.22

−10.03

22.42

8.73

 

(83.15)

(72.80)

(22.44)

(12.16)**

(8.83)

(76.38)

(66.78)

(21.50)

(10.20)*

(7.89)

Weakness

58.60

−11.61

50.72

1.20

0.12

23.83

−32.06

44.39

−1.22

0.23

 

(82.82)

(66.30)

(24.70)*

(11.76)

(4.09)

(75.67)

(60.47)

(23.60)

(10.01)

(3.97)

Weight loss

1329.28

1331.25

97.01

62.17

0.73

1131.58

1150.01

86.13

27.72

−0.92

 

(471.93)**

(432.21)**

(68.77)

(36.62)

(7.08)

(407.97)**

(379.96)**

(64.65)

(26.77)

(5.13)

Age

4.28

−0.2

1.23

1.64

0.48

1.75

−2.02

0.82

1.22

0.40

 

(6.25)

(5.53)

(1.76)

(0.92)

(0.34)

(5.84)

(5.17)

(1.71)

(0.80)

(0.30)

Sex

82.40

77.15

−17.43

21.64

3.31

0.36

37.21

−30.00

13.93

1.64

 

(78.23)

(67.21)

(22.73)

(11.37)

(4.43)

(72.23)

(62.45)

(22.06)

(9.76)

(3.83)

Single

−132.22

−64.76

−10.93

−17.39

−0.55

−193.27

−93.65

−33.02

−37.61

−2.46

 

(169.48)

(122.03)

(57.84)

(27.5)

(8.72)

(142.33)

(100.29)

(51.44)

(20.22)

(6.05)

Divorced

104.08

103.67

−28.22

−5.42

−7.04

117.11

107.55

−25.62

0.67

−6.37

 

(162.86)

(138.62)

(38.3)

(21.08)

(3.99)

(154.80)

(132.55)

(37.55)

(18.91)

(3.86)

Widowed

26.50

53.21

7.63

−15.41

−3.82

4.50

38.67

−0.91

−17.14

−3.83

 

(105.49)

(92.05)

(30.69)

(14.11)

(3.23)

(95.45)

(83.17)

(29.11)

(12.03)

(2.94)

Education:

7.20

−20.47

55.23

5.82

−0.13

34.29

−4.07

60.28

9.93

0.38

 - middle

(99.37)

(84.79)

(31.70)

(14.75)

(4.49)

(93.83)

(80.71)

(30.86)

(12.94)

(4.33)

 - high

−90.79

−39.58

−16.81

−20.38

3.93

−62.48

−23.18

−16.03

−21.01

4.06

 

(99.65)

(91.88)

(29.16)

(14.11)

(7.46)

(94.06)

(87.48)

(27.98)

(11.97)

(7.02)

Private HI

373.25

237.29

45.97

65.01

−4.22

393.33

242.59

54.18

77.74

−3.12

 

(195.27)

(177.47)

(46.66)

(26.87)*

(3.83)

(187.09)*

(170.37)

(46.03)

(24.72)**

(3.94)

Comorb.

./.

./.

./.

./.

./.

47.34

19.45

8.31

10

0.51

(CIRS-G)

./.

./.

./.

./.

./.

(7.49)***

(5.41)***

(2.03)***

(0.98)***

(0.28)

N

2508

2508

2508

2508

2508

2508

2508

2508

2508

2508

  1. CIRS-G Cumulative Illness Rating Scale for Geriatrics
  2. * p < .05 **p < .01 *** p < .001
  3. aMarginal effects of all variables at their means are reported predictions obtained from generalized linear models with log link and gamma distribution or from two part models when indicated. bpredictions obtained from two-part models with logit regression for the first part and log-gamma model for the second part