Fig. 2

Estimated incidence of cost conversations using three different definitions. All visits featured adult patients (>18 years old) and specialist physicians. *OoP Cost: discussion of the patient’s out-of-pocket costs for healthcare services; †Cost/Coverage: discussion of the patient’s out-of-pocket costs OR insurance coverage; ‡Cost of Illness: any discussion of financial costs or insurance coverage broadly related to health or healthcare [13–16, 18, 26–33, 38, 39, 44–46]