Table 1 Factors determining health system outcomes: changes observed in periods A, B, and C

GDP per capita (PPP, USD)

<0.05

5,789.26

8,065.90

13,589.57

9,680.19

GDP change (%)

<0.05

-1.69

4.58

3.25

2.70

Unemployment

<0.05

9.36

13.75

12.37

12.28

Industry share of GDP

<0.05

38.26

30.78

30.13

32.94

Services share of GDP

<0.05

42.93

57.14

61.54

54.06

Agriculture share of GDP

<0.05

18.72

12. 15

8.36

13.00

Budget deficit (% of GDP)

0.07

-6.00

-2.28

-3.13

-2.90

Gross public debt (% of GDP)

<0.05

33.75

43.10

32.28

36.88

Inflation rate

<0.05

277.01

22.37

6.14

72.79

Total investments (% of GDP)

0.23

25.35

23.79

26.17

25.07

Foreign investments (net millions of dollars in current value)

<0.05

496.87

1,477.40

6,230.11

3,062.03

Foreign investments per capita (dol, current)

<0.05

44.19

151.42

509.49

263.05

Government spending (% of GDP, excluding military)

0.13

18.33

17.97

17.82

18.03

Public expenditure on social policy (% of GDP)

0.93

17.24

16.79

16.69

16.81

Number of people living below poverty line (national threshold)

0.15

38.60

23.43

19.39

21.71

Human Development Index

<0.05

0.70

0.74

0.78

0.77

Public expenditure on education (% of GDP)

0.07

4.86

4.36

4.79

4.64

Generalized trust

<0.05

24.70

20.56

17.76

21.39

Number of people declaring high trust in Parliament

<0.05

6.17

4.49

2.64

4.56

Active participation in NGOs

<0.05

n/a

2.04

1.48

1.62

Number of people living below $1 per day

0.07

2.84

3.64

1.48

2.82

Schooling indicator: higher education (gross)

<0.05

26.89

41.50

56.05

40.97

Schooling indicator: secondary education (net)

<0.05

80.05

85.12

87.16

85.98

Gini index

<0.05

28.77

33.28

33.37

32.36

Health expenditure (% of GDP)

<0.05

6.52

6.68

7.31

6.92

Health expenditure per capita (dol, current)

<0.05

175.24

234.41

632.52

391.38

Public financing on health (% of total expenditures)

0.13

66.62

63.93

63.22

63.96

Out-of-pocket payments (% of total private expenditures)

<0.05

90.99

89.53

88.13

89.12

Spending on hospital care (% of total health expenditures)

<0.05

54.13

41.53

34.80

40.83

Public spending on hospital care (% of total spending on hospital care)

<0.05

95.71

88.02

82.25

85.86

Expenditures on pharmaceuticals (% of total health expenditures)

<0.05

14.42

22.02

26.16

21.88

Public spending on pharmaceuticals (% of total spending on pharmaceuticals)

<0.05

59.92

49,78

44,82

49,16

Practicing physicians/100,000 population

0.70

282,17.

286.15

288.75

285.87

General practitioners/100,000 population

<0.05

31.48

36.94

50.39

42.76

Practicing nurses/100,000 population

<0.05

726.01

644.05

619.74

654.88

Practicing midwifes/100,000 population

<0.05

62.75

42.81

33.84

45.69

Practicing pharmacists/100,000 population

0.08

36.72

33.63

38.62

36.26

No. of political parties in Parliament

0.15

10.79

8.00

11.50

10.18

Seats gained by the political party winning the elections (% of total)

46

43

39

42

42